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Geography > Key Terms > Flashcards

Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

What is a bar?

A

A ridge like accumulation of coastal sediments exposed at low tide

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2
Q

What is a bay?

A

A wide coastal inlet that is open to the sea

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3
Q

What is a beach?

A

An accumulation of coastal sediments most often occurring in sheltered areas along a coast such as a bay

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4
Q

What is biodiversity?

A

The number and variety of living species found in a given area or ecosystem

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5
Q

What is a headland?

A

An area of land jutting out into the sea

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6
Q

What is a cave?

A

A hollow cut by the sea into the base a cliff

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7
Q

What is conservation?

A

The protection of aspects of the environment for the future benefit of people

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8
Q

What is deposition?

A

Dropping of material that was being carried bay a moving force - wave

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9
Q

What is a development?

A

Making use of the coast for a variety of purposes such a tourism, housing and industry

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10
Q

What is a ecosystem?

A

A community of plants and animals that interact with each other and their physical environment

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11
Q

What is erosion?

A

The wearing away and removal of material by a moving force such as the sea

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12
Q

What is a estuary?

A

The mouth of a river as it enters the sea

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13
Q

What is hard engineering?

A

Protecting the coast by building such structures as sea walls and groynes

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14
Q

What is longshore drift?

A

The movement of weathered material down a slope or cliff due to gravity

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15
Q

What is a raised beach?

A

A former beach now standing above sea level and some meters inland

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16
Q

What is soft engineering?

A

Protecting the coast by working with nature

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17
Q

What is a spit?

A

Material deposited by the sea that grows across a bay or estuary

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18
Q

What is a stack?

A

A detached column of rock located just off shore and usually caused by a collapse of an arch

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19
Q

What does sub-aerial mean?

A

On land

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20
Q

What is a wave?

A

A ridge of water formed by the circular movement of water near the surface of the sea

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21
Q

What is an arch?

A

A coastal feature formed by meeting of two caves into either side of a headland

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22
Q

What is an adjustment?

A

Changes designed to react to and cope with a situation

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23
Q

What is an earthquake?

A

A violent shaking of the earths crust

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24
Q

What is emergency aid?

A

Help in the form of food,medical care and housing after a natural disaster

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25
Q

What is an epicentre?

A

The point on the earth surface directly above the focus of an earthquake

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26
Q

What is an hazard?

A

An event which threatens the well being of people and their poverty

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27
Q

What is an infrastructure?

A

The transport network and the water, sewage and communications systems that are vital to people and their settlements and businesses

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28
Q

What is a lahar?

A

A flow of wet material down the side of a volcanoes ash come which can become a serious hazard

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29
Q

What is a natural disaster?

A

A natural event or hazard causing damage and destruction to property as well as personal injuries and death

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30
Q

What is a natural event?

A

Something happening in the physical environments such as a storm volcanic eruption or earthquake

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31
Q

What is plate movement?

A

Mainly the coming together and the moving apart of tectonic plates

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32
Q

What is pyroclastic flow?

A

A devastating eruption of extremely hot gas, ash and rocks during a period of explosive volcanic activity

33
Q

What is a risk assessment?

A

Judging the degree of damage and destruction that an area might experience as a result of a natural event

34
Q

What is a storm surge?

A

A rapid rise in sea level when water is piled up against the coastline to a level far exceeding the normal

35
Q

What is subduction?

A

The pushing down of one tectonic planet under another at a collision plate margin

36
Q

What is a tropical revving storm?

A

A weather system of very low-pressure formed over tropical seas and involving strong winds and heavy rainfall

37
Q

What is tsunami?

A

A tidal wave caused by the shock waves originating from a submarine earthquake or volcanic eruption

38
Q

What Is volcanic activity?

A

The eruption of molten rock, ash or gasses from a volcano

39
Q

What is a economic sector?

A

Division of the economy based on the type of economic activity

40
Q

What is energy consumption?

A

The amount of energy used by individuals, groups and countries

41
Q

What does energy efficient mean?

A

Making the most of energy sources in order to cut down on waste and reduce consumption

42
Q

What is the energy gap?

A

Loss of energy caused by phasing out the use of fossil fuels is greater than the amount of energy that is being developed from new sources

43
Q

What is a fossil fuel?

A

Carbon fuels such as coal, oil and natural gas that cannot be remade

44
Q

What is a global shift?

A

The movement of manufacturing from HICs to cheaper production locations in LICs

45
Q

What is a high tech industry?

A

Economic activities that rely on advanced scientific research and produce new innovative and technologically advanced products

46
Q

What is the informal employment?

A

Types of work not officially recognised

People work for themselves on streets in LICs

47
Q

What is non-renewable energy?

A

Energy produced from resources that can’t be replaced

48
Q

Explain the primary sector

A

Working of natural resources

49
Q

Explain the secondary sector

A

Concerned with making things

50
Q

Explain the quaternary sector

A

High skilled services - research

51
Q

Explain the tertiary sector

A

Activities that provide services

52
Q

What is a transnational company?

A

Large company operating in a number of countries and often involved in a variety of economic activities

53
Q

What is accessibility?

A

Ease which one location can be reached from another

54
Q

What is a brownfield site?

A

Land that has been previously used abandoned and now awaits a new use

55
Q

What is congestion?

A

Acute overcrowding caused by high densities of traffic people or businesses

56
Q

What is counter urbanisation?

A

Movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller cities and towns as well as to rural areas

57
Q

What is meant by environmental quality?

A

The degree to which an area is free from pollution

58
Q

What is a ethnic group?

A

A group of people united by a common characteristics

59
Q

What is a greenfield site?

A

Land that has not been used for urban development

60
Q

What does land value mean?

A

Market price of a piece of land

61
Q

What is a megacity?

A

A city or urban area with a population more than 10 million

62
Q

What is a shanty town?

A

Area of slum housing built of salvaged materials and located either on the city edge or on hazardous ground

63
Q

What is social deprivation?

A

Well being falls below a minimum level

64
Q

Explain social segregation

A

Clustering together of people with similar characteristics into separate residential areas

65
Q

What is a socio-economic group?

A

Group of people sharing the same characteristics

66
Q

What is suburbanisation?

A

Outward spread of the urban area often at lower densities compared with older parts of a town

67
Q

What is urban regeneration?

A

Investment in the capital reviving old urban areas either improving or clearing away

68
Q

What is urban re-imaging?

A

Changing the image of an urban area and the way people view it

69
Q

What is an urban manager?

A

People who make important decisions affecting urban areas

70
Q

What is a urbanisation?

A

Growth in the percentage of a population living and working in and urban area

71
Q

What is agro-forestry?

A

Growing trees as windbreaks to protect against soil erosion

72
Q

What is climate change?

A

Long-term changes in the global atmospheric conditions

73
Q

What is deforestation?

A

The deliberate clearing of forested land often causing serious environmental problems such as soil erosion

74
Q

What is desertification?

A

The spread of desert conditions into what were semi-arid areas

75
Q

What does fragile mean?

A

A term used to described those natural environments that are sensitive to and easily abused by human activities

76
Q

What is global warming?

A

A process whereby global temperatures rise over time

77
Q

What is a refugee?

A

A person whose reasons for migrating are due to fear of persecution or death

78
Q

What is soil erosion?

A

The washing or blowing away of topsoil so that the fertility of the remaining soil is greatly reduced

79
Q

What does sustainable mean?

A

Actions that minimise negative impacts on the environment and promote human well-being

Geography (8 decks)

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