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Case Studies Flashcards

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1
Q

One coastal ecosystem. (Coasts)

A

Leluvia Coral Reefs, Fiji

Need: 27 degree warm water, light, calm water, not too much sediment

Issue: destructive fishing methods e.g. dynamic and traulling, tourism e.g. divers, souvenirs, glass bottom boats, pollution, developing hotels etc

Solution: education on fishing and family planning so not as many to feed and tourists, zoning e.g. giant nurseries, coral reef farming, removal of invasive species and self sufficiency education e.g. rain water and compost.

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2
Q

One retreating coastline. (Coasts)

A

Anneport, Jersey

Causes: disconcordant coastline
Soft rock eroding
Big tides

Impacts: houses and roads to protect

Solution: geotextiles, cliff stabilisation, gabion cages, sea wall.

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3
Q

What impact does the Sitges retreating coastline have? (Coasts)

A

Flooding in golf course

Night club and car park lose land

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4
Q

How is the retreating coastline in Sitges managed? (coasts)

A

Sea wall
Beach replenishment
Offshore breakwaters

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5
Q

Two geologically contrasting coastlines. (Coasts)

A

Old Harry Rocks, South England

  • soft surrounded by hard rock
  • disconcordant coastline
  • soft erodes to form bay leaving hard as two headlands
  • headlands formed through process of crack, cave, arch, stack, stump etc.

Barton on Sea

  • soft rock, slumps down
  • concordant coastline.
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6
Q

Explain a tropical storm in an LIC (Hazards)

A

Vietnam - Tropical Storm Durian
Damage: - 47 died
- storm crossed the am Mekong Delta, low lying area, high risk of flooding
- triggered mudslides in Philippines killing hundreds
- 4,000 houses destroyed
- hundreds injured, dozens missing
Prepare: - thousands evacuated from vulnerable areas before storm hit
Respond: - services helped e.g. Oxfam, Red Cross
- review response and assessing disaster

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7
Q

Explain a tropical storm in a HIC (hazards)

A

Tropical storm Prapiroon, South China
Damage: - 55 died, 17 missing
- £195,600,000 worth of damage
- more than six million affected
- caused landslides in Guangadong where 3 died
- caused two deaths by lightning
- three more killed when walls and billboards fell
Prepare: - 530,000 evacuated
Respond: - services helped e.g. Oxfam, Red Cross
- review response and assessing disaster

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8
Q

Explain what happened in the 1991 mount Pinatubo eruption

Hazards

A

Philippines - most populated island in the world
Economy from agriculture, aquaculture, mining, tourism
Pyroclastic flows killed 350
10000000 tonnes of magma ejected
58,000 evacuated
450 million damage
Destroyed farmland

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9
Q

After the mount Pinatubo eruption what happened? (Hazards)

A

Authorities decided to
Build dams to protect against floods
Establish new work
Create new towns

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10
Q

How is the Great Barrier Reef being managed? (Coasts)

A

Banned fishing zone
33% marine national park
Regrowing coral

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11
Q

What has been done to prevent river flooding in El vendrell?

Coasts

A 
Hard engineering 
Clear channel, speed up flow 
Rock armour , resist erosion
Canalisation- increase area 
Pipes take water from road 
Soft engineering 
Rain gauge in mountains 
River flow monitors 
Text message service 
Road closed
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12
Q

What is the death rate for the last 3 flooding in El vendrell? (Coasts)

A

1962 - 441
1971 - 19
2000 - 5

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13
Q

Explain the sectoral shift in the UK (eco activity + en)

A
  • 50 yrs ago: manufacturing produced 40% of economy and was 1/3 of all employment
  • then country experienced deindustrialisation
  • many of goods once manufactured in UK now made in China etc

Today - economy is service tertiary based, 75% of economy and 80% of workforce
Farming still 60% of food supply, but low labour percentages means high level of mechanisation used

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14
Q

Explain the sectoral shift in Ethiopia (Eco activity + en)

A
  • a poor LIC
    Primary sector - 75% kg employment 44% GDP
  • mainly subsistence farming
  • mainly farming
  • mostly rural, so little employment in tertiary
  • 40% GDP = tertiary
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15
Q

Factors affecting the development and location of on high tech industry - the Nissan car factory. (Eco activity + en)

A 
Transport- A19, Heathrow airport, 
Closed to Sunderland and Newcastle- skilled labour from residents
Additional land for expansion 
River 
7,000 workers
Produce 1 car each minute
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16
Q

Discuss why one named de-industrialised area has become a focus for redevelopment. (Urban) + (Eco activity + en)

A

Barcelona, Spain

  • Textile industry moved along transport links and to other countries
  • Area left in decline, unemployment
  • Became focus for redevelopment after Olympic bid win
  • Moved some people to La Mina, redeveloped old factories into universities and tech centres, never moved them back
  • Redeveloped old residential areas e.g. Poblenou to new flats
  • Tried to mix and reintegrate working class people into new areas
17
Q

Discuss the distribution of different types of land use and social / ethnic groups in one named city. (Urban)

A

Barcelona, Spain.

  • used to be involved in textiles as an industry, was burgess model (textiles in centre, working class surrounded, upper class on suburbs)
  • then Hoyt model as factories moved to other countries and along transport links for more space, cheaper land etc
  • now new model as upper class still on edge e.g. Sitges, working class close to transport links or some still in city being reitergrated e.g. El Raval
  • dinky’s now moving back into city as exciting!
18
Q

Shanty town management in an LIC and the contrast with unmanaged shanty towns. (Urban)

A

São Paulo, Brazil:

  • favelas
  • moved to have a better life
  • moved to make a better living
  • bored of rural areas
  • now cramped, noisy, unhygienic, damp, lack of services, polluted, poverty
  • stuck in shanty towns on edges of cities as couldn’t afford / get jobs / housing in cities

Management:

  • communities put pressure on authorities
  • government gives rights over land
  • help to buy scheme (only have to pay 5% deposit on a new house)
  • self help scheme: educate & give tools
  • improving rural areas to make more attractive
19
Q

Explain the changes taking place and why in one named urban area in a HIC. (Urban)

A

Barcelona, Spain.

  • was textiles industry (burgess model)
  • working class lived in El Raval and Poblenou and commuted to work in factories in 22@
  • then factories and industries moved along transport links and to other countries for ….. (hoyt)
  • some working class followed to keep jobs, others couldn’t afford to went into unemployed decline
  • Barcelona needed money to regenerate these areas so won Olympic bid in 1992 to redevelop areas (acted as a catalyst)
  • El Raval being gentrified and reintergrated
  • 22@ being bulldozed and redeveloped
20
Q

An area at risk of desertification and the ways it is being managed (to alleviate soil erosion). (Fragile)

A

Named area: The Sahel, Africa

DESCRIPTION:

  • semi arid climate
  • always hot (long dry season June - January)
  • natural vegetation of savanna is a mixture of grassland, trees + shrubs
  • as move Northwood, climate becomes drier, nothing more than thin grassland

THREATS AND CAUSES:

  • far less wildlife / livestock on drier edges like Sahel
  • rainfall = seasonal and unpredictable
  • climate change
  • population increase: more trees felled
  • over cultivation of land, drier soil, then eroded

MANAGEMENT:

  • stone walls built to catch rain, allows soil to absorb
  • plant cover, reduces impacts of weathering
  • permaculture
  • use of livestock and rotation
21
Q

What are the problems in São Paulo shanty towns? (Urban)

A

Basic facilities
No legal rights
No electricity
Don’t have enough money

22
Q

A threatened area of a tropical rainforest because of deforestation. (Fragile)

A

Named area: The Amazon Rainforest

CAUSES:

  • commercial logging to sell trees / wood
  • roadbuilding
  • large scale deforestation for mining
  • hydroelectric power schemes (need space to build dams)

CONSEQUENCES:

  • flooding
  • leaching, removal of nutrients
  • native tribes forced into smaller areas
  • loss of biodiversity
  • contribution to global warming

MANAGEMENT:

  • protection of forests
  • carefully planned and controlled logging
  • selective logging
  • replanting of felled areas
  • develop alternative energy supplies (but renewable and sustainable ones)
23
Q

Threats of global warming and climate change to a country. (Fragile)

A

Named area: Tuvalu

DESCRIPTION:

  • located in Pacific Ocean between Hawaii and Australia
  • population = 12,500
  • highest point on island = 4.5 metres above sea level

THREATS + CONSEQUENCES:

  • rising sea levels drowning Tuvalu
  • more severe weather events (hazards)
  • flooding
  • distributions of diseases have spread
  • water more scarce
  • mortality rates increase

MANAGEMENT:

  • reduce use of fossil fuels and CO2 emissions
  • find alternative, renewable energy sources
  • invest in coastal defences
  • improve ability to predict hazards
24
Q

International attempts to tackle global warming and climate change. (Fragile)

A

All world meetings

  • 1987 Montreal: hopeful, all agreed to reduce CFC’s to fix ozone layer
  • 1992 Earth Summit Rio: HICs refused to reduce CO2 emissions
  • 1997 UNFCC: HICs still refusing
  • 2005 Kyoto Protocol: tried to introduce carbon trading, China, India + USA refused.
  • 2009 Copenhagen: LICs refused to reduce emissions, want to develop more.
  • 2015 Paris COP21: all agreed, goal: keep global temp increase below 2 degrees
25
Q

Describe the distribution of social ethnic groups in Barcelona (urban)

A

Professional workers and high education nearest to CBD
Southern area - old blocks, deprivation, crime, poor education, unemployment
Ethnic groups together

25
Q

What impact is global warming having on Bangladesh? (Fragile)

A

More cyclones
Flooding
Cyclone shelters
1m rise will swamp 20% of country

26
Q

Named areas description, threats and causes of desertification and management strategies to alleviate soil erosion. (Fragile)

A

Sahel, Africa.

  • semi arid climate
  • always hot, long dry season from June-Jan
  • natural vegetation of savanna = only grassland, trees, shrubs
  • more North = drier climate, nothing more than grassland
  • far less livestock further north
  • seasonal and unpredictable rainfall
  • climate change
  • population increase: more trees felled
  • over cultivation and overgrazing
  • small stone walls built to catch rainfall as dams, stops surface water run off and allows soil to absorb
  • plant cover: reduce impacts of weathering and removal of vegetation
  • permaculture
  • livestock: rotate animals around diff areas to trample grass down, protects wind soil erosion, provides ability for greenhouse gases and water to be absorbed here, reduces climate change, livestock excrete then moved on to allow excretion to fertilise and regrow old areas.
27
Q

Case study of the management of a tectonic event. (Hazards)

A 
Kobe Earthquake Japan,
1995
- 6400 killed
- 100 000 buildings destroyed
- $200 billon damage

Management:

  • was well managed
  • response: evacuated, emergency rations provided, rescue teams, jobs created in rebuilding and construction industry
  • take earthquake threat v. seriously
  • thorough risk assessments
  • designed to withstand earthquakes
  • full scale practice drills every year
  • educated
  • but reviewed what lessons they could learn
  • most damage occurred in old parts of kobe, weren’t modern anti-earthquake buildings
  • bullet train tracks designed to withstand earthquakes but didn’t
  • emergency arrangements worked well
28
Q

Case study of the management of either river flooding or coastal flooding.

A

Gun site Jersey, 2014

  • flooded roads
  • flooded houses on road at gunsite
  • waves crashed over wall
  • ruined things
  • wall being increased by 30cm and being curved at too to reflect the waves
  • sandbags placed in front of restaurants, buildings and houses
  • houses raised from floor by a step
  • road closed
  • flood gates on slip way
  • buoys at sea measuring height of waves
  • improve ability to predict storms at sea.

Geography (8 decks)

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