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Geography > Urban Environments > Flashcards

Urban Environments Flashcards

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1
Q

In what year did 50% of the world’s population live in urban environments for the first time

A

2007

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2
Q

What percentage of people will live in cities in 2050

A

66%

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3
Q

What is the combined GDP of the top 20 global metropolises

A

$14.6 trillion

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4
Q

What are some problems with rapid urbanisation

A
  1. Finding adequate housing
  2. Providing enough energy
  3. Keeping everyone safe
  4. Providing good transportation links
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5
Q

What are 3 cities popular with the youth and why

A

Barcelona, Lisbon, Berlin. Vibrant atmosphere, affordable housing and a highly globalised workforce

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6
Q

What is an expat

A

A high earning, highly educated person who temporarily stays in another country for work

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7
Q

What is urbanisation

A

The increasing proportion of people living in towns and cities, compared to rural areas.

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8
Q

What is urban growth

A

The increase in size and population in an urban area over time, expressed as a number

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9
Q

Where do old people typically move

A

Out of cities, because they do not want/need the higher pace of life, especially because they do not require the high paying jobs if they are retired

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10
Q

What is a push factor for urbanisation (7)

A

Mechanisation - farming jobs replaced by machinery
Poor quality healthcare
Poor education
Lack of industrialisation
Food shortages
Natural hazards
Conflict and war

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11
Q

What are some pull factors for urbanisation (2)

A

Higher paying jobs
More access to services

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12
Q

What age are most of the people who move into cities and why

A

Young - they are looking for the higher paying jobs

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13
Q

What happens when you move into a city (2)

A
  1. Higher quality of life
  2. Better economic opportunities
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14
Q

Now, where do more people live in rural areas than developed

A

Africa and South Asia

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15
Q

What are the 4 steps of the urbanisation pathway

A
  1. Early urbanisation
  2. Accelerating urbanisation
  3. Mature urbanisation
  4. Counter urbanisation
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16
Q

What is counterurbanisation

A

People moving out of cities, commonly in search of more affordable housing, a cleaner environment or a quieter and slower life

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17
Q

What is the bid-rent model

A

A model that shows us the reason cities look like they do. Y axis is price of land and x axis is distance from CBD. It tells us that shops and offices ,are up much of the area in and around the CBD, then industry is a bit further route and then housing is the furthest

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18
Q

Why would shops and offices want to be in the centre of the city (2)

A
  1. Convenient location to get to
  2. High footfall (many people going past) - especially important for shops
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19
Q

Where is the most expensive land in a city and why (6)

A

Almost always in the middle of the city, because
1. Limited supply of land
2. Highest GDP area
3. Demand for that area is high
4. Convenient location
5. Close to business
6. Prestigious location

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20
Q

Explain 2 reasons why urban land use patterns vary

A
  1. The price increases as you go closer to the CBD, housing is too expensive in CBD and so is industry so most of that area is shops and offices, because it is worth their money to be there bc higher footfall and convenience of location
  2. Transport routes and hubs can influence the land-use patterns because they offer better access, so industry and housing can better develop near to points of accessibility e.g. train stations
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21
Q

What are the 4 rings of a city and are they static

A
  1. Core
  2. Inner-city ring
  3. Suburban ring
  4. Urban fringe

The rings are not always perfect rings and are always moving as the city evolves.

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22
Q

What are some general trends as we move outwards from a city (4)

A
  1. The general age of the buildings in the area decreases (like tree rings)
  2. The style of architecture and built environment changes
  3. The overall density of development decreases
  4. There is more green space
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23
Q

What are some characteristics of the CBD

A
  1. Oldest part of the city
  2. Contains most of the business and finance
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24
Q

What are some characteristics of the inner city ring

A

Early suburbs - old housing, often terraced

Old industrial land (deindustrialisation)q

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25
Q

What are the suburbs

A

An area on the edge of the city where housing is the main land use

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26
Q

What is the rural urban fringe

A

Transition form urban to countryside - pressure on green space for alternative use

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27
Q

What is a greenfield site

A

The land has not been previously used for urban development

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28
Q

What is a brown field site

A

Land that has been previously used, abandoned and now awaits a new use

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29
Q

How many people are added to the urban population per week

A

1.5m

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30
Q

What percentage of greenhouse gas emissions globally come from cities

A

80%

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31
Q

What are some urban challenges in the developing and emerging world (4)

A

Squatter settlements
The informal economy
Urban population
Low quality of life

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32
Q

What are the benefits of greenery in cities (7)

A
  1. Health benefits
  2. Social benefits
  3. Heat reduction
  4. Reduced flooding risk
  5. Environmental benefits
  6. Economic growth
  7. Less pollution
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33
Q

How does greenery help to reduce heat

A

Areas of vegetation are 1ºC cooler during the day, because green areas reduce air temperatures through evapotranspiraton, reflecting solar radiation, having lower heat storage capacity and providing shade

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34
Q

How does greenery help to reduce flood risk

A

Roots uptake water from the ground, but without trees then none of this is uptaken; urban flooding costs the economy £270m a year in England and wales

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35
Q

How does green infrastructure benefit economic growth and investment

A

The general appeal of an area is improved, attracting businesses, customers and encourages people to spend more time in an area.

36
Q

What are some ways to get greenery into cities (3)

A
  1. Living walls
  2. Living roofs
  3. Building parks
37
Q

What is an urban sprawl

A

Unregulated suburban expansion expands a city into a vast area

38
Q

What is a green belt

A

A thin ribbon of countryside that surrounds most larger towns and cities, to stop the city or town from expanding too much. The green belt is protected land, where unnecessary development is prohibited

39
Q

What is a green belt

A

A thin ribbon of countryside that surrounds most larger towns and cities, to stop the city or town from expanding too much. The green belt is protected land, where unnecessary development is prohibited

40
Q

Why is there a lot of pressure on the government to build more housing in the UK (4)

A
  1. Lifestyle changes e.g. Higher divorce rates - split households require 2 homes
  2. Out-migration from the inner cities is becoming popular
  3. Migration from poorer parts of the UK and poorer countries abroad to the south east of the UK
  4. Locations like Devon receiving an influx of retirees
41
Q

What are the government doing to build more housing but not destroy rural areas (3)

A
  1. Build at least 60% of homes on brownfield sites
  2. Build new homes at higher densities e.g. with no car parking space
  3. People that choose to live on redeveloped brownfield sites are offered tax incentives
42
Q

How much of Kent was woodland in the 1500s compared to now

A

1500s - 95%
1995 - 5%

43
Q

What does increased urban sprawl do to transport when people buy their own cars (6)

A
  1. More traffic jams
  2. Traffic pollution increases
  3. Travel times increase
  4. More road accidents
  5. More street noise
  6. Bus and train services decline
44
Q

What are the five purposes of green belts

A
  1. To check the unrestricted sprawl of large built-up areas
  2. To prevent neighbouring towns from merging into one and other
  3. To assist in safeguarding the countryside from encroachment
  4. To preserve the setting and special character of historic towns
  5. To assist in urban regeneration, encouraging the recycling of derelict and other urban land
45
Q

What does green belt land provide (6)

A
  1. Opportunities for the urban population to access the open countryside
  2. To provide opportunities for outdoor sport and outdoor recreation near urban areas
  3. To retain attractive landscapes and enhance landscapes near to where people live
  4. Secures the interest of nature conservationists
  5. Retains land for agriculture, forestry etc
46
Q

What percentage of the land within London is green Belt

A

22%

47
Q

What is decentralisation

A

People and businesses, particularly the tertiary sector, have been moving out of the CBD and inner city, into the suburban ring and into the urban fringe.

48
Q

What are some signs of decentralisation in the urban fringe (4)

A
  1. Superstores and retail parks
  2. Industrial estates
  3. Business parks
  4. Science parks
49
Q

What is the definition of a mega city

A

Population over 10 million

50
Q

Which countries see the most urbanisation

A

Developing and emerging countries

51
Q

What percentage of people in North America live in urban areas

A

80%

52
Q

How many mega cities are there in the world right now

A

28

53
Q

How many mega cities were there in 1990

A

10

54
Q

How many megacities are there expected to be in 2050

A

40+

55
Q

Do “urbanisation and economic development go hand in hand”

A

Yes

56
Q

When do countries experience urbanisation

A

When they industrialise

57
Q

What will be the most populated city in 2100

A

Lagos

58
Q

What are world cities

A

Cities that have global reach, for example due to leading business centres for Trans National Cooperations (TNCs), leading service centres e.g. finance and banking in London and NYC, or transportation and communication hubs

59
Q

What is agglomeration

A

People (and therefore economic activity) concentrating at favourable location e.g. river crossings, or a resource like oil, coal etc.

60
Q

What is suburbanisation

A

When urban settlements grow outwards because more people move to the suburbs, leading to better transport links to the suburbs and a decline in the residential quality near the CBD

61
Q

What are dormitory settlements

A

Towns that residents just sleep in - they commute into the urban area for things like work, shopping etc. They usually have very good transport links e.g. a train station that takes you straight into the urban area

62
Q

What is urban regeneration

A

Due to suburbanisation and counter urbanisation, central parts of urban areas often end up abandoned and run down, which means the area needing regenerating, rebranding and re-imagining

63
Q

What is counter urbanisation with respect to suburbs and dormitory settlements

A

People moving straight from the city to rural areas, skipping suburbs and dormitory settlements

64
Q

Why can lots of Dharavi residents not move out

A

The rest of Mumbai is far too expensive

65
Q

What is the area of dharavi

A

2.1 square kilometres

66
Q

What is the population of dharavi

A

Over 1 million people

67
Q

What are some problems with dharavi (6)

A
  1. It is very crowded and very noisy
  2. It is smelly
  3. Many people live in tiny rooms
  4. The water supply is not always on
  5. Not everyone has electricity
  6. Pollution levels are high
68
Q

How many hours per day is water available in dharavi

A

2

69
Q

What percentage of houses in dharavi have electricity access

A

70%

70
Q

What is the value of the land dharavi is on and why

A

$10b - because it is in the centre of Mumbai

71
Q

What is vision Mumbai

A

A plan to demolish dharavi, sell the land to developers and rehome the slumdwellers in better accommodation somewhere else

72
Q

What are the pros of vision Mumbai (2)

A
  1. It gets people out of the slums
  2. The area can be developed
73
Q

What are the problems with vision Mumbai (2)

A
  1. Dharavi provides jobs as well as housing, so this would be lost.
  2. The size of the project is massive and would take a huge sum of money
74
Q

What are the reasons for water pollution in Mumbai (3)

A
  1. Big industries dump untreated waste into the river
  2. The airport dumps untreated oil in the river
  3. 800 million litres of untreated sewage are dumped in the river every day
  4. Toxic substances like metals, batteries and cattle slurry (cow manure and water) are dumped in
75
Q

What are the reasons for water pollution in Mumbai (3)

A
  1. Big industries dump untreated waste into the river
  2. The airport dumps untreated oil in the river
  3. 800 million litres of untreated sewage are dumped in the river every day
  4. Toxic substances like metals, batteries and cattle slurry (cow manure and water) are dumped in
76
Q

How is Mumbai cleaning the air (3)

A
  1. Building a new meteor system
  2. Banning diesel as fuel in taxis
  3. Main roads have been upgraded to reduce traffic jams
77
Q

How is Mumbai trying to reduce waste

A

Educating people on why not to dump rubbish straight into the river and why to instead recycle

78
Q

What is SPARC

A

A bottom-up NGO focused on giving the urban poor a say in the development of a city.

79
Q

What percent of people in Mumbai live in informal housing or slums

A

62%

80
Q

What is Smile on Wheels

A

An NGO in Mumbai helping children and their family get education and healthcare

81
Q

Why is air pollution an issue in London

A

Air pollution from motor vehicles (mostly cars) producing NO and CO2

82
Q

What percentage of vehicles in London are hybrid or electric

A

0.5%

83
Q

How is London trying to tackle air pollution (

A
  1. Discouraging vehicles from driving in central areas London where air pollution is the worst, by making people pay £15 per day to drive there.
  2. The creation of the LEZ (low emissions zone) which covers all of Greater London and applies to vans, lorries and coaches.
  3. The ULEZ (ultra) was created, charging heavily polluting vehicles even more to drive in central London
  4. Encouraging more people to cycle and take public transport by providing more cycle lanes and more bus and building the Elizabeth Line
84
Q

Where does the London cycle superhighway go to and from

A

Tower Hill to Lancaster gate

85
Q

What are the good and bad things about the east-west cycle superhighway (2+ 2-)

A

+ many more people began cycling instead of taking motor vehicles, therefore reducing air pollution.
+ in 2022, there were more bikes than motor cars on the road for the first time ever

  • removal of traffic lanes has created traffic jams
  • it costed £58.7 million
86
Q

How to answer an 8 marker

A

AO3 - figure 6a shows that (4 marks so do it 4 times) make sure first sentence of each paragraph uses this
AO4 - explain - answer the question itself. Use PEEL structure

Geography (4 decks)

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