Economy And Energy Flashcards
What is the global shift of industry
The movement of industry from one country to another
What is outsourcing
Producing goods from the secondary sector in other countries (usually NEEs and LICs) because of things like Cheaper labour
What is an NGO
A non-governmental organisation
A charity
Why does nigeria have a lot of economic potential (4)
- Large national (domestic) market
- Good geographical position
- A large population
- Plenty of natural resources like oil
What are some limits to the economic growth of Nigeria (6)
- Poor infrastructure e.g. roads
- Limited access to financial services
- Lack of electricity
- A reliance on lowly-productive agriculture
- Governmental issues - instability and corruption
- Disputes over land and resources like water
What is energy security
The ability of a country to meet all of its energy needs reliably, preferably from within its own boarders
What is the energy gap
The difference between energy demand and energy supply is
What is the energy mix
The different types of energy that comprise the supply of energy for a country
What is the most used energy type in the world and what percent
Oil - 31% of the world energy
What factors influence the consumption and production of energy in a country(10)
- Time (day/year)
- Weather
- Development levels
- Population growth
- Availability/value
- Conflict
- Geopolitical tensions
- Economic prosperity/crisis
- Global crisis
- Natural disasters
What is OPEC
The organisation of petroleum exporting countries - consists of 14 member countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran and Venezuela. They run a cartel - controlling the global price of oils by controlling levels of global production. They can do this because they produce most of the worlds oil
What is primary energy
Fuel that proves energy without undergoing any conversion process e.g. Coal, natural gas and wood.
What is secondary energy
Energy made from processing primary fuels e.g. electricity, petrol
What are non renewable sources
Energy sources that cannot be replaced on a short timescale e.g. fossil fuels
What is renewable energy
Energy that is naturally replenished on a short timescale that can be used again and again e.g. solar. They are often referred to as “clean” as they do not pollute the atmosphere
When will the world run out of oil at the current rate of consumption and predicted growth
2052
What element is used to create nuclear energy
Uranium in a chain reaction
How is the UK managing its emissions and energy via housing (2)
- All new homes are to be “future proofed” against climate change
- The “future homes standard for England” (beginning in 2025) will have 80% lower emissions than current building standards
What is the main fuel source in china and what percent of the total energy is it
Coal - 61%
What are chinas energy goals and strategies (4)
- Increase renewable energy capacity from 15% to 20% by 2025
- Top 1000 program giving targets to the least energy efficient countries (to be expanded to 10k)
- Investing in public railways - +80,000km by 2035
- Removing state subsidies that keep energy cheap and discourage energy efficiency (market orientated pricing)
How much do china plan to resume energy use per unit of GDP
13.5%
How much do china plan to invest in domestic renewables each year
$100m
What is a passive house
A building that doesn’t require a conventional heating system due to its excellent thermal insulation. Heating demand is met through ‘passive’ sources like solar radiation and waste heat
How much less energy do Passive houses consume than existing buildings and new builds
Existing - 90%
New - 75%
What are china building in Gaobeidian
The largest energy efficient settlement in the world, with many passive houses)
What 7 industries are china investing in most to increase sustainability
- Clean energy technology
- Alternative energy
- Clean energy vehicles
- Next-generation IT
- Biotechnology
- High-end equipment manufacturing
- New materials
What investments have china made in the transport sector (3)
- All 16k of Shenzhen’s buses are electric (more than NYC, LA, Toronto, Chicago and New Jersey combined)
- All taxis will be electric by the end of 2025
- $3.1b was given to the new energy vehicles industry (NEV) in 2017 to help boost sales
How are business leaders and government authorities in china pressured to meet environmental targets (3)
- Education on the need for sustainable use of energy is focused on them
- They can face criminal charges if they violate energy conservation laws
- If they fail to meet targets set, this is taken into account when assessing their performance
How is china educating the public on energy conservation (3)
- Simple advertising campaigns are used such as posters
2.People are encouraged to limit their use of heating and AC, following the example of: (number 3) - Public buildings can be no cooler than 26ºC in summer and no warmer than 20ºC in winter
What is the informal economy
Part of the economy that is not government regulated, or taxed
Why is the informal economy so important (4)
- People look for informal employment to help boost earnings to get out of poverty
- Provides income for those who cannot find income in the formal sector
- Can provide extra income as hours are often flexible and pay is often based on performance e.g. every 3 bags made earns the worker $5 (not real figure)
What is the value of the informal economy globally, and where does it rank compared to the economy size of other countries
$10T - would be second only to USA
What will probably happen to the informal economy in the future (2)
- It will likely grow to have a higher GDP than the USA
- Over the next 15 years, cities in NEEs will contribute to 50% of the world’s growth
What is the gig economy
A labour market characterised by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work, as opposed to permanent jobs
What are some jobs in the gig economy (3)
- Video producers
- Uber drivers
- Food delivery drivers
What are zero-hours contracts
No guaranteed hours or job security
What was Malthus’ view on population size vs food supply
A pessimistic view - population size is limited by the amount of food produced. Increase in food supply is arithmetic (+) but population is increased geometrically (x), so population will outgrow food supply. He then thinks people will die due to food shortages, then a series of fluctuations of population would occur (sine wave shape) around the slowly increasing straight line of food supply
What was Boserup’s view on food supply vs population
She is optimistic - suggesting that food production will increase to match need of population, so there is no mass death from starvation. The threat of starvation however will force farmers to use better methods and invent new technologies to get a greater yield of food, describing this as ‘agricultural intensification’
What is agricultural intensification
When more food is needed because of the threat of starvation (for themselves or the general population), farmers work hard to maximise production, develop new technologies and improve their farming methods in order to produce more food
What is overpopulation and is it sustainable
When population exceeds resources - unsustainable
What is underpopulation and is it sustainable or not
When resources exceed population. Rare situation. Unsustainable - not enough people to keep the economy going in the area and not enough workers in key sectors like healthcare, education and manufacturing
What is the optimum population and is it sustainable
The ideal number of people that can live comfortably in a region, with enough resources, a high level of economic productivity but without depleting the environment. It is sustainable.
What is the club of Rome
A group that believes the limit to global population would be reached within 100 years of the year of formation (1968). They believed that if the limits were reached they could be managed sustainably by finding a balance between population, development and resources.*
*However, at current rates, resources will run out, but we can still change our behaviour.
What is the primary sector
Working with natural resources e.g. farming, mining, fishing etc
What is the secondary sector
Processing things such as food or minerals, making things by manufacturing, assembling or building
What is the tertiary sector
Providing services. This includes services that are professional, commercial, entertainment and personal. Public and private transport is in this sector
What is the quaternary sector
People who provide specialist information and expertise to all the other sectors. Universities are key in this - research is a key activity of the quaternary sector
What is industrialisation
The shift from the majority of the population working in the primary sector to the majority of the population working in the secondary sector
In a pre industrial society, where do most people work
The primary sector
In an industrial society, where do most people work
The secondary sector, although lots of people work in the tertiary and lots still work in the primary sector
In a post-industrial society, what sector do most people work in
Tertiary
When is the quaternary sector introduced
Post-industrial society
In a post-industrial society, rank the sectors based on most employees to least employees
- Tertiary
- Secondary
- Primary
- Quaternary
Why does the quaternary sector only appear in post-industrial societies
High levels of technology and skill involved
When a country becomes post-industrial, the secondary sector declines, so how do they make up for this
They outsource the labour to other countries, typically LICs, because of cheaper labour
Why does the primary sector decline when industrialisation occurs (2)
- Mechanisation
- Better pay available in other sectors (typically people move to secondary from primary)
Why does the secondary sector rise during industrialisation (3)
- New jobs open up
- Better pay is available
- Jobs are lost in the primary sector to things like mechanisation
Why has the tertiary sector risen in post-industrial society
- More people needed to sell produce of secondary sector
- Better pay available in tertiary
What is the employment structure of a country defined as
How the workforce is divided up between the main employment sectors in a percentage
Give 4 examples of primary sector activities
- Farming
- Forestry (collecting wood)
- Fishing
- Mining
Give 4 examples of secondary sector activities
- Food processing
- Manufacturing
- Assembling
- Building
Give 4 examples of tertiary sector activities
- Transport
- Retail
- Medicine
- Waiters
Give 4 examples of quaternary sector activities
- Research
- Design engineering
- Computer programming
- Financial management
Give 4 examples of quaternary sector activities
- Research
- Design engineering
- Computer programming
- Financial management
Why is the informal economy so prevalent in LICs (4)
- Significant amounts of rural -> urban migration creating a surplus of labour
- Workers are unskilled and illiterate making them unsuitable for formal employment
- Increasing wealth creating a demand for services
- People look to the informal employment sector to help boost their earnings to help break the cycle of poverty
What is underemployment
A situation in which a person seeking full-time work can only find part-time jobs
What are 5 global factors affecting industry
- Raw materials
- New technology
- Globalisation
- Government policies
- Demographic and social changes e.g. population growth increasing demand
What is globalisation
The increase in the economies of countries becoming dependent on each other, so the countries become more closely interlinked.
What is the multiplier effect
The economic concept where an initial increase in spending leads to a larger overall increase in income and economic activity, as the money circulates and generates additional rounds of spending.
What is the global shift of industry and what is it typically
The movement of industry from one country to another, typically secondary sectors from HICs to LICs
Are the effects of the global shift of industry positive or negative for the HICs and LICs
Positives and negatives for both
