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Geography > Economy And Energy > Flashcards

Economy And Energy Flashcards

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1
Q

What is the global shift of industry

A

The movement of industry from one country to another

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2
Q

What is outsourcing

A

Producing goods from the secondary sector in other countries (usually NEEs and LICs) because of things like Cheaper labour

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3
Q

What is an NGO

A

A non-governmental organisation

A charity

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4
Q

Why does nigeria have a lot of economic potential (4)

A
  1. Large national (domestic) market
  2. Good geographical position
  3. A large population
  4. Plenty of natural resources like oil
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5
Q

What are some limits to the economic growth of Nigeria (6)

A
  1. Poor infrastructure e.g. roads
  2. Limited access to financial services
  3. Lack of electricity
  4. A reliance on lowly-productive agriculture
  5. Governmental issues - instability and corruption
  6. Disputes over land and resources like water
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6
Q

What is energy security

A

The ability of a country to meet all of its energy needs reliably, preferably from within its own boarders

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7
Q

What is the energy gap

A

The difference between energy demand and energy supply is

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8
Q

What is the energy mix

A

The different types of energy that comprise the supply of energy for a country

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9
Q

What is the most used energy type in the world and what percent

A

Oil - 31% of the world energy

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10
Q

What factors influence the consumption and production of energy in a country(10)

A
  1. Time (day/year)
  2. Weather
  3. Development levels
  4. Population growth
  5. Availability/value
  6. Conflict
  7. Geopolitical tensions
  8. Economic prosperity/crisis
  9. Global crisis
  10. Natural disasters
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11
Q

What is OPEC

A

The organisation of petroleum exporting countries - consists of 14 member countries such as Saudi Arabia, Iran and Venezuela. They run a cartel - controlling the global price of oils by controlling levels of global production. They can do this because they produce most of the worlds oil

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12
Q

What is primary energy

A

Fuel that proves energy without undergoing any conversion process e.g. Coal, natural gas and wood.

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13
Q

What is secondary energy

A

Energy made from processing primary fuels e.g. electricity, petrol

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14
Q

What are non renewable sources

A

Energy sources that cannot be replaced on a short timescale e.g. fossil fuels

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15
Q

What is renewable energy

A

Energy that is naturally replenished on a short timescale that can be used again and again e.g. solar. They are often referred to as “clean” as they do not pollute the atmosphere

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16
Q

When will the world run out of oil at the current rate of consumption and predicted growth

A

2052

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17
Q

What element is used to create nuclear energy

A

Uranium in a chain reaction

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18
Q

How is the UK managing its emissions and energy via housing (2)

A
  1. All new homes are to be “future proofed” against climate change
  2. The “future homes standard for England” (beginning in 2025) will have 80% lower emissions than current building standards
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19
Q

What is the main fuel source in china and what percent of the total energy is it

A

Coal - 61%

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20
Q

What are chinas energy goals and strategies (4)

A
  1. Increase renewable energy capacity from 15% to 20% by 2025
  2. Top 1000 program giving targets to the least energy efficient countries (to be expanded to 10k)
  3. Investing in public railways - +80,000km by 2035
  4. Removing state subsidies that keep energy cheap and discourage energy efficiency (market orientated pricing)
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21
Q

How much do china plan to resume energy use per unit of GDP

A

13.5%

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22
Q

How much do china plan to invest in domestic renewables each year

A

$100m

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23
Q

What is a passive house

A

A building that doesn’t require a conventional heating system due to its excellent thermal insulation. Heating demand is met through ‘passive’ sources like solar radiation and waste heat

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24
Q

How much less energy do Passive houses consume than existing buildings and new builds

A

Existing - 90%
New - 75%

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25
Q

What are china building in Gaobeidian

A

The largest energy efficient settlement in the world, with many passive houses)

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26
Q

What 7 industries are china investing in most to increase sustainability

A
  1. Clean energy technology
  2. Alternative energy
  3. Clean energy vehicles
  4. Next-generation IT
  5. Biotechnology
  6. High-end equipment manufacturing
  7. New materials
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27
Q

What investments have china made in the transport sector (3)

A
  1. All 16k of Shenzhen’s buses are electric (more than NYC, LA, Toronto, Chicago and New Jersey combined)
  2. All taxis will be electric by the end of 2025
  3. $3.1b was given to the new energy vehicles industry (NEV) in 2017 to help boost sales
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28
Q

How are business leaders and government authorities in china pressured to meet environmental targets (3)

A
  1. Education on the need for sustainable use of energy is focused on them
  2. They can face criminal charges if they violate energy conservation laws
  3. If they fail to meet targets set, this is taken into account when assessing their performance
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29
Q

How is china educating the public on energy conservation (3)

A
  1. Simple advertising campaigns are used such as posters
    2.People are encouraged to limit their use of heating and AC, following the example of: (number 3)
  2. Public buildings can be no cooler than 26ºC in summer and no warmer than 20ºC in winter
30
Q

What is the informal economy

A

Part of the economy that is not government regulated, or taxed

31
Q

Why is the informal economy so important (4)

A
  1. People look for informal employment to help boost earnings to get out of poverty
  2. Provides income for those who cannot find income in the formal sector
  3. Can provide extra income as hours are often flexible and pay is often based on performance e.g. every 3 bags made earns the worker $5 (not real figure)
32
Q

What is the value of the informal economy globally, and where does it rank compared to the economy size of other countries

A

$10T - would be second only to USA

33
Q

What will probably happen to the informal economy in the future (2)

A
  1. It will likely grow to have a higher GDP than the USA
  2. Over the next 15 years, cities in NEEs will contribute to 50% of the world’s growth
34
Q

What is the gig economy

A

A labour market characterised by the prevalence of short-term contracts or freelance work, as opposed to permanent jobs

35
Q

What are some jobs in the gig economy (3)

A
  1. Video producers
  2. Uber drivers
  3. Food delivery drivers
36
Q

What are zero-hours contracts

A

No guaranteed hours or job security

37
Q

What was Malthus’ view on population size vs food supply

A

A pessimistic view - population size is limited by the amount of food produced. Increase in food supply is arithmetic (+) but population is increased geometrically (x), so population will outgrow food supply. He then thinks people will die due to food shortages, then a series of fluctuations of population would occur (sine wave shape) around the slowly increasing straight line of food supply

38
Q

What was Boserup’s view on food supply vs population

A

She is optimistic - suggesting that food production will increase to match need of population, so there is no mass death from starvation. The threat of starvation however will force farmers to use better methods and invent new technologies to get a greater yield of food, describing this as ‘agricultural intensification’

39
Q

What is agricultural intensification

A

When more food is needed because of the threat of starvation (for themselves or the general population), farmers work hard to maximise production, develop new technologies and improve their farming methods in order to produce more food

40
Q

What is overpopulation and is it sustainable

A

When population exceeds resources - unsustainable

41
Q

What is underpopulation and is it sustainable or not

A

When resources exceed population. Rare situation. Unsustainable - not enough people to keep the economy going in the area and not enough workers in key sectors like healthcare, education and manufacturing

42
Q

What is the optimum population and is it sustainable

A

The ideal number of people that can live comfortably in a region, with enough resources, a high level of economic productivity but without depleting the environment. It is sustainable.

43
Q

What is the club of Rome

A

A group that believes the limit to global population would be reached within 100 years of the year of formation (1968). They believed that if the limits were reached they could be managed sustainably by finding a balance between population, development and resources.*

*However, at current rates, resources will run out, but we can still change our behaviour.

44
Q

What is the primary sector

A

Working with natural resources e.g. farming, mining, fishing etc

45
Q

What is the secondary sector

A

Processing things such as food or minerals, making things by manufacturing, assembling or building

46
Q

What is the tertiary sector

A

Providing services. This includes services that are professional, commercial, entertainment and personal. Public and private transport is in this sector

47
Q

What is the quaternary sector

A

People who provide specialist information and expertise to all the other sectors. Universities are key in this - research is a key activity of the quaternary sector

48
Q

What is industrialisation

A

The shift from the majority of the population working in the primary sector to the majority of the population working in the secondary sector

49
Q

In a pre industrial society, where do most people work

A

The primary sector

50
Q

In an industrial society, where do most people work

A

The secondary sector, although lots of people work in the tertiary and lots still work in the primary sector

51
Q

In a post-industrial society, what sector do most people work in

A

Tertiary

52
Q

When is the quaternary sector introduced

A

Post-industrial society

53
Q

In a post-industrial society, rank the sectors based on most employees to least employees

A
  1. Tertiary
  2. Secondary
  3. Primary
  4. Quaternary
54
Q

Why does the quaternary sector only appear in post-industrial societies

A

High levels of technology and skill involved

55
Q

When a country becomes post-industrial, the secondary sector declines, so how do they make up for this

A

They outsource the labour to other countries, typically LICs, because of cheaper labour

56
Q

Why does the primary sector decline when industrialisation occurs (2)

A
  1. Mechanisation
  2. Better pay available in other sectors (typically people move to secondary from primary)
57
Q

Why does the secondary sector rise during industrialisation (3)

A
  1. New jobs open up
  2. Better pay is available
  3. Jobs are lost in the primary sector to things like mechanisation
58
Q

Why has the tertiary sector risen in post-industrial society

A
  1. More people needed to sell produce of secondary sector
  2. Better pay available in tertiary
59
Q

What is the employment structure of a country defined as

A

How the workforce is divided up between the main employment sectors in a percentage

60
Q

Give 4 examples of primary sector activities

A
  1. Farming
  2. Forestry (collecting wood)
  3. Fishing
  4. Mining
61
Q

Give 4 examples of secondary sector activities

A
  1. Food processing
  2. Manufacturing
  3. Assembling
  4. Building
62
Q

Give 4 examples of tertiary sector activities

A
  1. Transport
  2. Retail
  3. Medicine
  4. Waiters
63
Q

Give 4 examples of quaternary sector activities

A
  1. Research
  2. Design engineering
  3. Computer programming
  4. Financial management
64
Q

Give 4 examples of quaternary sector activities

A
  1. Research
  2. Design engineering
  3. Computer programming
  4. Financial management
65
Q

Why is the informal economy so prevalent in LICs (4)

A
  1. Significant amounts of rural -> urban migration creating a surplus of labour
  2. Workers are unskilled and illiterate making them unsuitable for formal employment
  3. Increasing wealth creating a demand for services
  4. People look to the informal employment sector to help boost their earnings to help break the cycle of poverty
66
Q

What is underemployment

A

A situation in which a person seeking full-time work can only find part-time jobs

67
Q

What are 5 global factors affecting industry

A
  1. Raw materials
  2. New technology
  3. Globalisation
  4. Government policies
  5. Demographic and social changes e.g. population growth increasing demand
68
Q

What is globalisation

A

The increase in the economies of countries becoming dependent on each other, so the countries become more closely interlinked.

69
Q

What is the multiplier effect

A

The economic concept where an initial increase in spending leads to a larger overall increase in income and economic activity, as the money circulates and generates additional rounds of spending.

70
Q

What is the global shift of industry and what is it typically

A

The movement of industry from one country to another, typically secondary sectors from HICs to LICs

71
Q

Are the effects of the global shift of industry positive or negative for the HICs and LICs

A

Positives and negatives for both

Geography (4 decks)

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