Globalisation And Migration Flashcards
What is globalisation
A primarily economic process by which countries are being drawn gradually into a single global economy or market
Name 4 factors for the recent increase in globalisation
- TNCs
- Trade blocs
- Modern transport
- Advances in information and communication technology
What is a trade bloc
A group of countries bound together by a trade agreement
What 5 commodities flow in the global economy
- Trade
- Aid
- Foreign Investment
- Labour
- Information
What is a supply chain
A number of stages (often in many different countries) involved in the making of a product
What are the WTO and IMF and what do they do
World trade organisation
International Monetary Fund
Work in global trade and foreign investment
What do the world bank and NGOs do
Focus on development aid
Is the world bank an ngo
No, it is an IGO - inter-governmental Organsation
What may supporters of globalisation state
The world has gotten significantly richer
What may critics of globalisation say
TNCs focus on maximising profits, potentially being exploitive - ignoring environmental and social impacts
What are some pros of globalisation (4)
- Inward investment (building facilities + infrastructure) done by TNCs
- Wealth and foreign currency brought by TNCs
- Increased awareness of events in other parts of the world e.g. 2004 tsunami
- Makes people aware of global issues e.g. deforestation
What are some cons of globalisation (5)
- No guarantee that the wealth from inward investment will benefit locals
- Profits made by TNCs are often sent back to the HIC
- TNCs operate in LICs in ways that would not be allowed in HICs
- TNCs pollute, dont meet safety requirements, pay poorly and force long hours
- Threatens the world’s cultural diversity
Summarise the experience of a voluntary international migrant
- Probably searching for better pay/living conditions
- has to adjust to different society type
- more economic opportunities
- they get formal employment rather than informal
- send remittances home
Summarise the experience of a voluntary migrant
- usually old
- usually urban to rural
- adds to aging population of area
- slower pace of life
- the home in the urban area is freed up for a younger family
Summarise the impact of a rural-urban migrant
- faster pace of life
- hard to find housing
- may have to enter the informal economy
- may live in squatter settlements
- the rural area loses labour
How do the UK manage immigration
- points system to get a visa
How many migrants were in the uk in 1951 and 2001
1951 - 2.1m
2001 - 4.9m
What is geopolitics
The study of the relationships (political and economic) between countries and the influence of geographical factors (distance, climate etc) on these relationships
What is geopolitics power
The power and influence of individual countries over other countries
What is a superpower
A term used to describe a country with a dominant global position, which is characterise by its extensive ability to exert influence or project power on a global scale via hard (military and economic) and soft (diplomacy, culture and history) power
What is hard power
Military and economic superiority
What is soft power
Diplomacy, culture and history
How can geopolitics affect trade (5)
- Trade blocs
- multinational organisations like the WTO
- The influence of the Quad - US, Canada, japan, EU
- Stock markets - London stock exchange lost 6% of value the day after 9/11
- Trade wars
How can geopolitics affect tourism (2)
Less significant than globalisation
1. Powerful countries draw tourism due to soft power
2. Hostilities between countries e.g. temporary travel bans to/from countries
How can geopolitics affect migration (3)
- Influence the direction of migration
- More powerful countries have more control of migration
- Geopolitical tensions over large scale migration e.g. Syrian refugee crisis
What were the number of total migrants in 1960 and 2010
1960 - 79m
2010 - 222m
What is the birth rate
The number of live births in a population per 1000
What is the death rate
The number of deaths in a population per year per 1000 population
What is natural change in population
The balance between births rate and death rate in a population
What is net migration
The balance between the number of people entering and the number of people leaving a country or region
What is circulation
All temporary absences from a permanent home, usually weekly or seasonal travel
What is migration
A permanent change in residence
What is voluntary migration
People choose to move due to factors like employment, wages, quality of life (economic migrants)
What is forced migration
When people are forced to move from where they live
Why may people be forced to migrate (3)
- Natural hazards
- War (most common)
- Ethnic cleansing
What is a person of concern
People forced to migrate - the UNHR (United Nations high commission) are responsible for them
What is a refugee
A person who lives outside their country because of fear of persecution
What is an asylum seeker
A refugee who has applied to become a citizen of the country they are seeking protection in
What is an internally displaced person (IDP)
A person forced to flee their home, but they do not cross an international boarder
What is a returnee
A refugee or asylum seeker who has voluntarily returned to their country of origin or an IDP who has returned home
What are some push factors for migration (4)
- Climate
- Poverty
- War
- Unemployment
What are some pull factors for migration (4)
- No hazards
- Higher quality of life
- Better wages
- More employment
What percent of tourists go to Europe
51%
Name 5 reasons for the explosion of tourism
- Social (more leisure time + paid leave)
- Political - easier to cross boarders
- Transport is cheaper, faster and more convenient
- Communication (greater awareness of foreign places)
- Economic (more disposable income)
Why is the package holiday so popular
It is very cheap
Why do governments and local people support mass tourism
It generates a lot of income for local areas
Why does tourism benefit people
It creates jobs, therefore giving people money, so we see the multiplier effect in the area
What are the economic leakages of tourism
Much of today’s tourism is in the hands of big companies - profits in particular countries ‘leak’ out to the country where the tour company is based
According to the UNEP (UN environment program), what percent of money generated through tourism stays in the host community
5%
Why may locals not like tourism
It can impact their culture
What are the socio-cultural impacts of tourism
While it can help revive some local industry e.g. handicraft, it could lead to increased tensions between locals and tourists
What is ecotourism
Visiting fragile and pristine areas - low impact and small scale tourism
What is stewardship
The careful and sustainable management of the environment on a large scale across regions, nations and even internationally
What is conservation
More localised in its nature than stewardship, e.g. one day you plant trees
What are some characteristics of ecotourism
- minimal physical, social, behavioural and psychological impact
- building environmental and cultural respect
- financially benefitting for conservation
How has foreign investment impacted globalisation
TNCs seeking new opportunities for economic growth by opening branches and expanding investment in other countries. Many of them buy a company rather than setting up their own brand. They bring economic opportunities
What is capitalism in terms of economics
A system where a country’s trade and industry is controlled by private owners for profit. The governments play a secondary role
What is socialism in terms of economics
A system where a country’s trade and industry is controlled by the state - meant to help the people more
What is information technology
The use of computer systems for fast transfer of data
What effect has the improvement of ocean transport had
The global movement of goods has sped up
How much was paid in remittances in 2018
$529b
What are production chains
The stages involved in the making of a product (usually the stages are done in different countries)
What are the advantages of production chains for TNCs (5)
- Access to cheaper raw materials
- Closer to major markets
- Sell inside trade blocs
- Take advantage of government incentives
- Operate with fewer restrictions
What is the global shift in production
The outsourcing of food production and manufacturing to LICs
Why may a Polish lawyer migrate to the UK to pick fruit
Because they would earn more in the low-status UK job than in the polish one
What are the 5 types of aid
- Emergency aid - response to a sudden disaster
- Conditional/tied aid - donations but with conditions e.g. trade deals
- Charitable aid - funded by donations from the public via organisations like OXFAM
- Development aid - provides education and skills for sustainable and unreliant long term development
- Multilateral aid - given through international organisations e.g. the world bank, rather than specific countried
What is the IMF
The International Monetary Fund - 190 countries that foster cooperation, secure financial stability, facilitate trade and reduce poverty
What is the WTO
A group that opens free trade markets and enforces trade rules
