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Geography 🌏 > Urban environments > Flashcards

Urban environments Flashcards

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1
Q

Urban settlement examples

A

Towns and cities

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2
Q

Rural settlement examples

A

Villages and hamlets

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3
Q

Difference in economic activity in urban and rural areas

A
  • urban areas = secondary and tertiary industries - manufacturing and services
  • rural areas = primary industries such as agriculture
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4
Q

Difference in size between urban and rural areas

A
  • urban = generally larger in terms of population and spatial extent
  • rural = generally smaller in both
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5
Q

Difference between urban and rural areas in density of people and buildings

A
  • urban = higher
  • rural = lower
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6
Q

Define urbanisation level

A

The percentage of a country’s population living in towns or cities

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7
Q

Define urbanisation rate

A

The speed at which a country’s level of urbanisation is increasing

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8
Q

Define urbanisation

A

An increase in the percentage of a country’s population living in towns or cities

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9
Q

Examples of developed countries

A

UK, USA, Japan, Australia

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10
Q

Examples of emerging countries

A

India, china, Mexico, Brazil

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11
Q

Examples of developing countries

A

DR congo, Nigeria, Nepal

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12
Q

How does level of development affect urbanisation levels

A
  • more developed countries have better economy
  • higher % of population are attracted to live in towns and cities (increasing urbanisation levels)
    (Less developed countries = higher % in rural areas bc of economy based on agriculture)
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13
Q

How does the spatial extent of a country affect levels of urbanisation

A

smaller countries have higher levels of urbanisation as there’s less land that has to be urbanised, (increasing urbanisation levels) whereas this is the opposite in bigger countries

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14
Q

How does physical geography affect urbanisation levels?

A

If a large proportion of a country has a harsh, uninhabitable terrain, then population is forced to concentrate into towns or cities, increasing urbanisation levels

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15
Q

Where can you find lowest level of urbanisation?

A

Less developed regions = sub-Saharan Africa , south-east Asia

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16
Q

Where can you find highest levels of urbanisation?

A

More developed regions = North America, Western Europe and Oceania

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17
Q

What regions have low urbanisation rates and why?

A

Developed countries have low rates of urbanisation as they have high levels of urbanisation - if a large % of pop. already lives in towns and cities it’s harder to increase from this as there’s not much left to be done

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18
Q

Which regions have high urbanisation rates and why?

A
  • Developing countries have high rates of urbanisation as they have low levels of urbanisation
  • if a small % of pop. lives in urban areas, there is potential for rapid growth via economic development, industrialisation and shift from primary to secondary and tertiary industries
  • high rates of natural increase in developing cities
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19
Q

What are the four stages of the urbanisation curve?

A
  • stage 1 = developing - early urbanisation
  • stage 2 = emerging - accelerating urbanisation
  • stage 3 = developed - mature urbanisation
  • stage 4 = developed - counter-urbanisation
    Countries become more urbanised as they develop more
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20
Q

3 reasons for high rates of urbanisation in developing and emerging countries

A
  • rural-to-urban migration
  • natural increase
  • economic development
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21
Q

How does rural-urban migration affect urbanisation rates

A
  • movement of people from rural to urban areas
  • this is due to push factors of rural areas and pull factors of urban areas
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22
Q

Pull factors of cities and towns

A
  • job availability
  • more investment in social services
  • bright lights effects
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23
Q

Push factors of rural areas

A
  • high unemployment
  • lack of investment in social services
  • lack of exciting opportunities
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24
Q

How does natural increase affect urbanisation rates

A
  • emerging and developing countries have high natural increase rates (due to lots of young adults)
  • tend to migrate to cities for better life + job + education
25
Q

Agglomeration

A

The concentration of people and their activities at particular locations

26
Q

Rural to urban migration

A

The movement of population from rural areas e.g villages to urban areas e.g cities

27
Q

Suburbanisation

A

The outward spread of an urban area often at lower densities compared to those of the older parts of the urban area

28
Q

Urban sprawl

A

When a city expands out into the surrounding rural area

29
Q

Conurbation

A

When neighbouring urban centres can merge together to form a large urban area

30
Q

Counter-urbanisation

A

The movement of people and employment from major cities to smaller cities and towns, as well as to rural areas

31
Q

Urban regeneration

A

Investment of capital in the revival of older urban areas by either improving what is there or clearing it away and building new

32
Q

Urban re-imaging

A

Changing the image of an urban area and the way people view it

33
Q

Urbanisation of the suburbs

A

When the suburbs get mor urbanised as a result of increased population density

34
Q

Order of processes of urbanisation

A

Agglomeration, rural-to-urban migration, suburbanisation, commuting,counter urbanisation, urban regeneration, urban reimaging, urbanisation of the suburbs

35
Q

Megacity

A

A city with a population of 10M or greater

36
Q

Millionaire city

A

A city with a population of 1M or greater

37
Q

Global city

A

A city that is recognised worldwide as a place of great prestige, status, power and influence

38
Q

Advantages of megacities

A
  • increased wealth and better quality of life
  • greater business profits
  • economic development of city
  • increased participation in global economy
39
Q

Disadvantages of megacities

A
  • may grow at the expense of other regions of country
  • pressure on accommodation = shanty towns and high house prices
  • congestion and traffic
  • pressure on healthcare and services
40
Q

Problems with rapid urbanisation- housing

A
  • rural to urban migration = more ppl
  • not enough accommodation as they all want cheap housing
  • millions then go to shanty towns
  • even for rich ppl there’s struggle bc of high house prices and wages aren’t high enough
41
Q

Problems with rapid urbanisation- education

A
  • school provision hasn’t kept up with rapid growth
  • most cities have primary education but not all kids go to secondary school
  • children may need to work to support family and school is expensive
42
Q

Problems with rapid urbanisation- traffic

A
  • proper road and transport provisions are lacking + can’t keep up w growth
  • high pop density means that transport systems like road become congested easily
  • unproductive for economic development
  • smog is produced a lot
43
Q

Problems with rapid urbanisation- social problems

A
  • cities in developing countries+ emerging countries have high crime rates
  • murder,rape and robbery is common
  • sometime ps controlled by violent drug-trafficking gangs which police struggle to control
44
Q

Problems with rapid urbanisation- access to water and electricity

A
  • provision of basic services cannot keep up with growing population
  • not all parts will be provided with water and electricity
  • many ppl rely on fire for heat and light and polluted streams for water and sewage disposal
45
Q

Problems with rapid urbanisation- health

A
  • not enough Doctors, clinics and hospitals for the growing population
  • large areas of city don’t have access to clean water + sanitation
  • disease and infection is coming (e.g typhoid, cholera)
  • pollution leads to breathing problems+ respiratory diseases
46
Q

Problems with rapid urbanisation - employment

A
  • influx of R-T-U migrants can’t match the number of formal jobs available
  • unemployment isn’t an option so ppl work in the informal economy (food, shoe-shining, rickshaw)
  • however this lacks security as there’s no pension system, no regular hours + wages or tax
  • formal employment such ass factories are often too far from shanty towns with poor transport
47
Q

Urban land zones in order (inside to outside)

A

Arranged in a concentric circle fashion :
- core
- inner city
- suburbs
- urban fringe

48
Q

Describe the core of a city

A
  • CBD = central business district
  • oldest part pf city
  • land uses = commercial, entertainment and transportation
  • usually has the highest-rise buildings
49
Q

Describe the inner city layer of a city

A
  • found immediately outside core
  • mostly Victorian era (19th century) buildings
  • original function was industrial but most are now derelict or converted to flats
  • lots of terraced housing for factory workers still remains
50
Q

Describe the suburbs of a city

A
  • lies outside inner city layer
  • mostly dates from 20th century
  • main land use = residential
  • people became more affluent so moved away from chaos of city , gives good work life balance and they can live in more pleasant areas
  • larger houses = more detached and semi-detached houses w/ front and back garden
51
Q

Describe the urban fringe of a city

A
  • found on edge of urban area, where town merges into countryside
  • wide range of land uses : new housing developments (residential), out-of-town superstores and retail parks (commercial), industrial estates (industrial) and business parks and golf courses (commercial and leisure respectively)
52
Q

What are the 3 things that can be notice as we move away from the core?

A
  • age of the buildings decreases
  • density of development decreases
  • architectural style changes
53
Q

Advantages of multiculturalism

A
  • wide range of restaurants
  • cultural events
  • diverse music industry
54
Q

Disadvantages of multiculturalism

A
  • tension between different ethnic groups
  • xenophobia
  • risk of ‘ghetto-isation’ (deprived inner city areas with high ethnic minority concentration)
55
Q

Why is immigration to most UK cities in the inner city?

A
  • cheaper housing
  • lots of jobs in services and manufacturing
  • family member have already migrated + settled in the area
  • similar cultures + languages + religious groups
56
Q

What is white flight?

A

When a large migration of ethnic minorities migrate into inner city region causing the original white working class families to leave for outer suburbs

57
Q

Economies of scale

A

Cramming as much as possible into one megacity rather than spreading it out across a number of smaller cities

58
Q

Multiplier effect

A
  • Pop growth
  • greate demand fro goods and services
    More jobs created
    Rural to urban migration

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