EOYE Y8 exam Flashcards
Define urbanisation
An increase in proportion of people living in towns and cities
Rural
An area that is mainly in the countryside with settlements such as towns, villages or hamlets
Urban
Town or city
Developed countries
Richer more stable country where people have higher living standards
Developing countries
Less stable countries where people may have lower living standards
What is a megacity
A city in which the the population is of 10M or more people
Where is the prime meridian
The vertical line from 0º N to 0º S
Where is the Tropic of Cancer
The line that is 20º and a bit above the equator
Where is the Tropic of Capricorn
The line that is 20º and a bit below the equator
How do we find a co ordinate on the world map?
First see how far N or S it is from equator and write it down, then see how Far E or W it is for the prime meridian and write that down. Latitude ( horizontal) then longitude (vertical)
northern hemisphere is…
The half of the earth that is N of the equator
Southern Hemisphere is…
The half of the earth that is south of the equator
Eastern hemisphere is…
The half of the earth that is to the right of the prime meridian
The Western Hemisphere is..
The half of the earth that is left of the prime meridian
How to find the 4 fig grid reference
First find the northing then the easting to locate the bottom left corner of the box then shade the entire box In
What are the parts of the 16 point compass
N, NNE, NE, ENE, E, ESE, SSE, SE, S, SSW, SW,SWW,W, WNW, NW, NNW
What is a shanty town?
An area of low quality housing in developing or emerging countries.
Push factors
Factors that drive people away from a place
Pull factors
Factors that attract people to a place
Obstacles
Factors that make it harder for someone to undergo migration
What is rural to urban migration
When people move from rural areas to urban areas such as towns or cities
What is raster data
Data shown as pixels used to construct the background map
What is vector data
Data made of points which can be joined to form lines
What are the 5 components of GIS
1.Hardware ( the device used to view)
2. Methods ( how it was collected )
3. Map (map of a place)
4. People (people trained to operate the software)
5. Software ( programme used )
What are push factors of shanty towns?
- Unsanitary as most shanty towns don’t have plumbing so raw sewage is near the streets
- No social services such as fire brigade, police, schools or hospitals
- Unsafe as some towns may be controlled by drug gangs and are no-go’s for the police
What are the pull factors of shanty towns?
- The government offer ppl living in shanty towns the opportunity to IMPROVE their own living conditions
- Government provide land where WATER, SEWAGE AND ELECTRICITY are available
- BIG, WEALTHY CITY which is crowded and busy, would receive HIGHER WAGES if you had a job in the city
List the units of geologic time, longest to shortest
Eon
Era
Period
Epoch
What is our current:
Eon
Era
Period
Epoch
Phanerozoic
Cenozoic
Quaternary
Holocene
Is the Anthropocene an official new epoch?
NO
What is the Anthropocene?
A geological marker in Earth’s history where humans have become such a dominant force that they have changed the planet’s characteristics
Name 2 possible theories that could back up the Anthropocene
Colombian Exchange
Atomic Weapons Testing
What is the Colombian Exchange?
After the discovery of the Americas, ‘Old World’ and ‘New World’ crops (eg. Maize) were exchanged between Europe and America’s. This:
Permanently changed global pollen records
Brought over diseases that practically wiped out indigenous Americans and turned abandoned farms into big forests (CO2 sinks) resulting in global drop in CO2 and global cooling for 200 yrs
What is the atomic weapons testing theory?
Post WW2: many countries develop nuclear weapons, resulting in increased radioactive material rising to atmosphere, spreading all over world and settling back down again, accumulating in sediment, bone and tissue. Partial ban in nuclear weapons testing in early 1960s resulting in ‘golden spike’ in 1964. Criticism: not a big change to Earth tho
Meaning: anthropogenic climate change?
Man made climate change - BAD
What is the % of carbon dioxide emissions?
75%
What is the percentage of fluroro- gasses Emmissions?
2%
What is the % of methane emissions?
17%
What is the % of nitrous oxide Emissions?
6%
Relative Strength of co2
1
Relative strength of fluorogases
10000
Relative strength of methane
30
Relative strength of nitrous oxide
600
Where does CO2 come from?
Burning fossil fuels to generate electricity
Where does fluoro-gas come from?
Man made gas used in aerosol cans and fridges
Where does methane come from?
Agriculture, melting permafrost (PFL)
Where does nitrous oxide come from?
Agriculture, burning fossil fuels
Countries with the most greenhouse gas emissions
China = 32%
USA = 13%
India = 7%
Russia = 5%
Japan = 3%
What were the pre-industrial Co2 levels? (1800)
275-280 ppm
Co2 levels in 1958 when they had began to be measured by scientists?
310-320
What is the greenhouse effect?
- earth’s surface heats up + emits infrared radiation
- some radiation escapes into space = cools earth a bit
- some infrared radiation is absorbed + trapped in atmosphere so Earth doesn’t cool too much
- visible light passes through the atmosphere from sun
What is the enhanced greenhouse effect?
- earth emits radiation as it has heated up
- more radiation emitted from earth is trapped in the atmosphere because of excessive greenhouse gasses in the atmosphere
- more energy enters the atmosphere than leaves it = earth heats
- light passes into atmosphere
- less outgoing radiation from Earth escapes into space = earth heats
- human burning of fossil fuels increases concentration of gasses in atmosphere
What are 5 pieces of evidence to show climate change has occurred?
Drought, positive feedback loops, ice, extreme heat and oceans
How does drought show that climate change has occurred?
- Dry places are getting drier + wet places are getting wetter
- rainfall has become both rarer and more extreme when it happens
How does extreme heat show that climate change has occured?
- Heat waves are becoming more common in more temperate countries such as the UK
- annual global temperature records being surpassed every year
How do positive feedback loops show evidence of climate change?
OVERALL INCREASES GLOBAL TEMPERATURES
- permafrost: increase in temperature will melt permafrost + all organic matter that’s been preserved inside will decompose and gigatons of Co2 will be released into the atmosphere
- albedo effect: white colour ice reflects radiation, but because of temp change, the ice melts and shows black rock underneath which absorbs heat and melts more ice
How do the oceans show that climate change has occurred?
- liquids expand when heated so sea levels rise + ice sheets melt, adding to this
- heating of water bleaches coral reefs
- many islands are predicted to go underwater
How does ice show that climate change has occurred?
- burning fossil fuels = greenhouse gasses that prevent heat from leaving atmosphere
- melts polar ice caps (albedo effect)
- more heat melts permafrost + lots of CO2 will be released into atmosphere
Define positive feedback loop
When an event occurs repeatedly, and in doing so, causes itself to occur in more intensity each time.
Examples of positive feedback loops
Albedo effect, permafrost melting
Carbon footprint
The best estimate we can get of the full climate change impact of something
CO2e
Total climate change impact of all the greenhouse gasses caused by an item expressed in the amount of CO2 it would take to have that impact in 100yrs
How to reduce carbon footprint in travel
- electric cars are good at reducing local air pollution
- fly frugally + offset CO2
- walk and cycle more often
- use public transportation
How to reduce carbon footprint in food
- enjoy more plant-based food as they require much less processing
- buy local produce to reduce food miles
How governments can mitigate climate change
- invest in renewable energy sources (solar, wind, tidal, hydro)
- reduce the sale of petrol + diesel cars
- promote more plant-based diets
- install more heat pumps are compared to boilers as these burn fossil fuels
Ecosystem
An area in which plants and animals interact with each other and their non-living environment
Biome
A large area with the same climate and plants and animals (e.g tropical rainforest, temperate deciduous rainforest, savannah, desert)
Distribution of tropical rainforests
- 3 main rainforests: Congo basin, Amazon rainforest and Sumatra rainforest
- generally located between the Tropic of Cancer and Capricorn, near the equator
Order of layers in rainforest
Emergent, canopy, under canopy, shrub layer, forest floor
Emergent layer
- tallest trees of rainforest
- around 60m tall
Canopy
- thickest layer of the rainforest
- where most animals live
Under canopy
Young trees + taller bushes
Shrub layer
- ferns + other plants that grow near to the ground
Adaptations of lianas
- thick vines that loop around taller trees to get sunlight
Adaptations of epiphytes
- perch on high branches to reach the sun
- feed on rain + nutrients from rotting leaves
Adaptations of butress roots
- tallest trees in emergent layer have them to prevent them from falling over
What do drip tips do for a leaf?
Leaves have long ends to allow the rain to drip off
What do sharp edges do for a leaf?
Sharp to keep hungry predators away
What do wax coats do to a leaf?
Thick waxy coat keeps rain + insects off
Major threats to rainforest
- deforestation
- logging
- palm oil plantations
- bushmeat trade = lack of biodiversity = breaks food chains
- cattle grazing + soya bean farms
Impacts of deforestation
- loss of a major carbon sink, making it harder for CO2 to be removed from atmosphere
- more species are threatened to extinction from loss of habitat
- rainforest plants are a medicinal source, we risk losing life-saving drugs before they have been found
How to reduce deforestation
- National parks/conservation areas
- REDD agenda
- Ecotourism
How do national parks reduce deforestation?
- create safe havens for wild species
- deforestation is illegal or heavily restricted in these areas
How does ecotourism reduce deforestation?
- rainforest countries should realise how much profit can be made by leaving forests alone to get tourists
- tourists come in small groups to visit rainforest to learn abt it
How does the REDD agenda reduce deforestation
- pays rainforest countries to leave their forest alone
- countries will realise that conservation is more profitable than deforestation so deforestation rates will reduce
Why GIS is better than paper maps?
- GIS is easily backed up, paper is easily damaged
- GIS is easily changed bc of layers, paper can’t be changed
- GIS has compact storage, paper takes up a lot of space
3 countries in Central Asia
Kazakhstan, Turkmenistan, Kyrgyzstan
3 countries in Middle East
Iran, Saudi Arabia, Qatar
Country in northern Asia
Russia
3 countries in South Asia
India, Pakistan, Sri Lanka
3 countries in south east Asia
Thailand, Indonesia, Malaysia
3 countries in east Asia
China, Japan, South Korea
3 rivers of China
- Huang he (at the top)
- Yangtze (middle)
- Mekong (at the bottom)
Rivers of Russia
- Ob (left)
- Lena (right)
Seas + oceans of Asia
- Pacific Ocean (on the right of Japan)
- Arabian Sea (on the left of India)
- Bay of Bengal (on the right of India)
- Indian ocean (far below India)
- Arctic Ocean (above Russia)
- Sea of Japan (left of Japan)
- East China Sea (underneath Japan)
- South China Sea ( south east of China)
Lakes of Asia
- Lake Baikal (only one in Russia)
- Caspian Sea (above Iran)
- Aral sea (small thing to the right of the Caspian Sea)
Deserts of Asia
- Arabian desert (Saudi Arabia)
- Gobi desert (on border of Mongolia + north China)
- Thar Desert ( rajasthan + Pakistan)
Mountain ranges of Asia
- ural mountain ranges furthermost left edge of Russia
- Himalayas on north east Asia, Bhutan and Nepal
- Mount Everest in india
- Caucasus mountain range above Middle East
100BC
Silk Road trade route
- network of roads between China, Central Asia and Mediterranean that transported good such as spices, porcelain, silk and tea from Asia to Europe
1206-1358
- Genghis Khan creates mongol empire which lasts for 160yrs
- stretched from China to Central Europe
1453
End of Silk Road trade route as turkey has forbidden it
1555
Mughal empire rules over India and 300yrs later, the British destroyed Mughal empire and took over India
1947
India achieves complete independence from Britain
Population of Asia
4.6BN people, around 60% of global population
Major religions practiced in Asia
Hinduism, islam and Buddhism
Patterns of wealth + poverty in north Asia
Russia is doing fine, exports oil and gas via pipeline
Patterns of wealth + poverty in south east Asia
Industries are developing, mainly depends on agriculture
Patterns of wealth + poverty in East Asia
Main industrial region, where many products are made
Patterns of wealth + poverty in South Asia
Asia’s poorest region, exports include textiles and foodstuffs
Patterns of wealth + poverty in Central Asia
Not rich, starting to exploit mines and oil industries
Patterns of wealth + poverty in the Middle East
Has a large share of world’s oil and gas reserves, among some countries very wealthy such as Qatar
Population distribution of Asia
- 58% of Asia live in rural areas (mainly as farmers)
- 7 out of 10 of the worlds largest cities are in Asia
- about 1/2 of asias population lives in poverty
- 476 billionaires in China and 131 billionaires in India
Why did Manchester’s population decline in 20th century?
- Other countries began selling textiles too, even at cheaper prices, putting cotton mills and textile factories out of business
- people moved away and even emigrated
Why did Manchester grow in the 19th century?
-14th century: Flemish weavers settle in Manchester and make wool and linen cloth
- during industrial revolution, many new machines were made that improved the efficiency of cloth-making. Cotton was also imported to Manchester and cotton mills grew throughout city.
- many people moved here to get a job in the mills or factories
A.S.M.R
Aided self-help schemes
Site and Service Schemes
Micro-loans
Rural investment
What are aided self help schemes?
A co-operative effort w authorities + gov + shanty people to improve living conditions.
Money is given from gov and locals build
Micro-loans
Help small informal business owners to expand their businesses
Site + service schemes
Allows those who live in shanty towns to buy/rent a piece of land at low costs. Land has service ( running water, plumbing etc) and will be connected to city via public transport
Rural investment
Doesn’t directly improve shanty towns but migrants can be persuaded to remain in countryside by adding social services or improving conditions there.
What happened to Manchester in 21st century?
Regeneration
- modern housing
- road + rail links to other places
- canal cleaned + more trees have been planted
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