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Geography world cities > Urban Decline And Regeneration > Flashcards

Urban Decline And Regeneration Flashcards

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1
Q

Define urban decline

A

The process whereby a city, or part of a city falls into disrepair with depopulation, economic restructuring, abandoned buildings, high local unemployment, fragmented families

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2
Q

What happens with the rich and the poor in city’s

A
  • seem to concentrate in different areas

- social segregation

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3
Q

Why is there social segregation

Housing

A
  • poor people can only afford certain houses in certain areas
  • wealthier can afford expensive housing in present surroundings
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4
Q

Why is there social segregation

Changing environment

A
  • areas can change over time
  • large Georgian houses can be sub- divided into flats
  • former poor areas may become gentrified
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5
Q

Why is there social segregation

The ethnic dimension

A
  • when migrants arrive they tend to go to poorer areas
  • tend to concentrate in poor areas
  • suffer discrimination
  • may become unemployed or have low paid jobs so they can only afford low price housing
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6
Q

How do you measure social deprivation with primary data

A
  • fear of crime
  • standard of education (English first language/amount of GCSEs)
  • percentage of state benefits
  • standards of health access to health facilities
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7
Q

How do you measure social deprivation with economic primary data

A
  • level of income
  • access to employment
  • percentage of lone-parent families
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8
Q

Physical measurements for level of deprivation using primary data

A
  • quality of housing
  • level of pollution
  • litter and graffiti
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9
Q

Political measurements of deprivation

A
  • opportunities to participate in community life and influence decisions
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10
Q

How can secondary data be used

A
  • census
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11
Q

Inner city decline characteristics

A
  • many boarded up shops
  • many empty and derelict shops
  • closing of schools, particularly primary schools
  • low levels of education
  • high population of out migrants ion figures
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12
Q

What are the economic causes for inner city decline

A
  • deindustrialisation
  • growth in service industries but did not compensate for massive job losses
  • service sector employment grew in rural areas
  • changing levels of tech
  • globalisation Of products
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13
Q

What are the social reasons for inner city decline

A
  • 1951 lost 1/3 of their population (uk biggest cities)
  • migration
  • from inner city p- more skilled and affluent
  • left behind the old and unskilled
  • led to social decline
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14
Q

What are the physical reasons for inner city decline

A
  • low quality of housing
  • empty and derelict buildings
  • overgrown wasteland
  • high levels of vandalism and crime
  • few open spaces
  • urban motorways
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15
Q

What are the political problems of inner city decline

A
  • lowest turnout in elections
  • people feel rejected
  • urban regeneration policies have done little to relieve the poverty
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16
Q

What is the inner city high rise development

A
  • high rise f,sets were built as part of an inner city renewal programme
  • built council estates
  • weren’t well built
  • people hated living there:
    Lacked community feel
    Expensive to heat
    Poor design led to hidden places for crime
17
Q

Peripheral council estates

A
  • built estates of the edges of urban areas to house overspill population and because of the slum clearance
  • uniform council houses
  • tower blocks
  • cheap way for local authorities to meet housing demands
  • planning control was limited and production was done quickly
18
Q

What was wrong with these council estates

A
  • no proper facilities
  • no affordable transport links
  • the physical environment deteriorated
  • hard to beat up
    Poor ventilated and suffered from damp
19
Q

What are the main schemes since Second World War

A
  • urban development corporations (property-led regeneration)
  • city challenge partnerships
  • 21st century schemes
20
Q

What were the property led regeneration

A
  • set up in 1989/90
  • take responsibility for the physical, environmental and social regeneration on selected inner cities
  • they had large amounts of derelict and vacant land
  • London Docklands
21
Q

Key features of property-led schemes

A
  • encouraged to spend public money on the purchased land
  • boards of people were made up of local business communities
  • intention was for the private money to be 4-5 times greater than the public money
22
Q

Positives of this scheme

Property led

A
  • accounted for nearly 40% of all urban regeneration
  • £12 billon had been attracted private investors
  • £4 billion form the public sector
  • built 35000 houses
  • created 19000 jobs
23
Q

Negatives of property led

A
  • too dependent on property speculation and lost huge sums of money
  • local people had no involvement in what was going on
24
Q

What is the city challenge partnerships scheme

A
  • ## form a partnership in its local inner city area with the private sector and local communities
25
Q

What they designed to address

A
  • better coordinated and more involved particularly with local residents
  • cooperation between local authorities and private groups
  • equal value to buildings, people and value
26
Q

What do the cit challenged areas suffer from

A
  • high long term and youth unemployment
  • a low skill base
  • poor levels of education
  • environmental deterioration
27
Q

Successes of city challenge partnerships

A
  • improved the quality and encourages new and imaginative ideas
  • over 40000 houses had been improved
  • 53000 jobs created
  • more than 3000 new business
28
Q

Criticisms of city challenge

A
  • large sums of money should been allocated according to need
  • neighbouring authorities competed against each other when they could have worked together
  • should have received the same amount of money
29
Q

What are schemes of the 21st century

A
  • prestige project developments- flag ship projects because they involve the creation of eye catching developments
  • sustainable communities- places where people want to live both now and in the future
  • urban economical sustainability should allow people to have access to a home, Jon and a reliable income
  • should provide a decent quality of life

Geography world cities (4 decks)

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