Urban Decline And Regeneration Flashcards
Define urban decline
The process whereby a city, or part of a city falls into disrepair with depopulation, economic restructuring, abandoned buildings, high local unemployment, fragmented families
What happens with the rich and the poor in city’s
- seem to concentrate in different areas
- social segregation
Why is there social segregation
Housing
- poor people can only afford certain houses in certain areas
- wealthier can afford expensive housing in present surroundings
Why is there social segregation
Changing environment
- areas can change over time
- large Georgian houses can be sub- divided into flats
- former poor areas may become gentrified
Why is there social segregation
The ethnic dimension
- when migrants arrive they tend to go to poorer areas
- tend to concentrate in poor areas
- suffer discrimination
- may become unemployed or have low paid jobs so they can only afford low price housing
How do you measure social deprivation with primary data
- fear of crime
- standard of education (English first language/amount of GCSEs)
- percentage of state benefits
- standards of health access to health facilities
How do you measure social deprivation with economic primary data
- level of income
- access to employment
- percentage of lone-parent families
Physical measurements for level of deprivation using primary data
- quality of housing
- level of pollution
- litter and graffiti
Political measurements of deprivation
- opportunities to participate in community life and influence decisions
How can secondary data be used
- census
Inner city decline characteristics
- many boarded up shops
- many empty and derelict shops
- closing of schools, particularly primary schools
- low levels of education
- high population of out migrants ion figures
What are the economic causes for inner city decline
- deindustrialisation
- growth in service industries but did not compensate for massive job losses
- service sector employment grew in rural areas
- changing levels of tech
- globalisation Of products
What are the social reasons for inner city decline
- 1951 lost 1/3 of their population (uk biggest cities)
- migration
- from inner city p- more skilled and affluent
- left behind the old and unskilled
- led to social decline
What are the physical reasons for inner city decline
- low quality of housing
- empty and derelict buildings
- overgrown wasteland
- high levels of vandalism and crime
- few open spaces
- urban motorways
What are the political problems of inner city decline
- lowest turnout in elections
- people feel rejected
- urban regeneration policies have done little to relieve the poverty
What is the inner city high rise development
- high rise f,sets were built as part of an inner city renewal programme
- built council estates
- weren’t well built
- people hated living there:
Lacked community feel
Expensive to heat
Poor design led to hidden places for crime
Peripheral council estates
- built estates of the edges of urban areas to house overspill population and because of the slum clearance
- uniform council houses
- tower blocks
- cheap way for local authorities to meet housing demands
- planning control was limited and production was done quickly
What was wrong with these council estates
- no proper facilities
- no affordable transport links
- the physical environment deteriorated
- hard to beat up
Poor ventilated and suffered from damp
What are the main schemes since Second World War
- urban development corporations (property-led regeneration)
- city challenge partnerships
- 21st century schemes
What were the property led regeneration
- set up in 1989/90
- take responsibility for the physical, environmental and social regeneration on selected inner cities
- they had large amounts of derelict and vacant land
- London Docklands
Key features of property-led schemes
- encouraged to spend public money on the purchased land
- boards of people were made up of local business communities
- intention was for the private money to be 4-5 times greater than the public money
Positives of this scheme
Property led
- accounted for nearly 40% of all urban regeneration
- £12 billon had been attracted private investors
- £4 billion form the public sector
- built 35000 houses
- created 19000 jobs
Negatives of property led
- too dependent on property speculation and lost huge sums of money
- local people had no involvement in what was going on
What is the city challenge partnerships scheme
- ## form a partnership in its local inner city area with the private sector and local communities
