Urban change, regeneration and urban policies

Question 1

What is deindustrialisation?

Answer 1

The reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy.

Question 2

What economic impacts does deindustrialisation cause?

Answer 2

Loss of jobs and personal disposable income
Loss of tax to local authority and potential decline of services
Decline in property prices as out-migration occurs
Increase in demand for state benefits

Question 3

What social impacts does deindustrialisation cause?

Answer 3

Increase in unemployment
Higher levels of deprivation
Out-migration of population, usually the who are better qualified and more prosperous
Higher levels of crime, family breakdown, alcohol, and drug abuse

Question 4

What environmental impacts do deindustrialisation cause?

Answer 4

Derelict land and buildings
Long-term pollution of land from ‘dirty’ industries such as dye works and iron foundries because there is no money for land remediation
Deteriorating infrastructure
Reduced maintenance of local housing accused by lower personal incomes
Positive: reduction in noise, land and water pollution and reduced traffic congestion

Question 5

Why may deindustrialisation occur?

Answer 5

Mechanisation - most firms can produce their goods more cheaply by using machines rather than people.
Competition from abroad - particularly the rapidly industrialising countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, India and Chine
Reduced demand for traditional products as new materials and technologies have been developed
Rise in the service economy

Question 6

What is the service economy?

Answer 6

Tertiary and quaternary activities

Question 7

What are tertiary activities?

Answer 7

This can be financial services for example, banking, accountancy and insurance, retailing, leisure, transport, education and health

Question 8

What are quaternary activities?

Answer 8

Where knowledge or ideas are the main output, such as advertising, computer programming and software design

Question 9

What is an Urban policy?

Answer 9

Relates to the strategies chosen by local or central governments to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems

Question 10

What regeneration policy took place in the 1980s?

Answer 10

Urban Development Corporations

Question 11

What is the Urban Development Corporation?

Answer 11

Set up by government to develop and improve inner city

Question 12

Was the Urban Development Corporation successful?

Answer 12

Effective in attracting new businesses to run-down areas and improving the environment of the UDC area
By the mid 1990s, they had attracted over £12 billion in private-sector investment and created 190,000 jobs nationally

Question 13

What failures did the Urban Development Corporation see?

Answer 13

The property-led approach did little to tackle social problems
Local people complained they had little involvement
London Docklands, locals did not benefit from the new housing and jobs created

Question 14

What regeneration policy took place in the 1990s?

Answer 14

The City Challenge

Question 15

What is the City Challenge?

Answer 15

Cities competed with one another for government grants
Cities with best schemes were awarded grants
Local authority led scheme, forming partnerships between the private sector, local communities and the local authority
Strategies focused on tackling social, economic, and environmental problems in run-down parts of the city

Question 16

Was the City Challenge successful?

Answer 16

The competition for funding lead to more successful regeneration schemes
City Challenge gave equal importance to buildings, people and values
1997 data revealed that the City Challenge had improved over 40,000 houses, created

Question 17

What did the 1997 data on the city challenge reveal about houses?

Answer 17

It improved 40,000 houses

Question 18

What did the 1997 data on the city challenge reveal about jobs?

Answer 18

It created 53,000 jobs

Question 19

What did the 1997 data on the city challenge reveal about derelict land?

Answer 19

It reclaimed 2,00 ha of derelict land

Question 20

What failures fit the City Challenge seek?

Answer 20

Resources were thinly spread over large areas
Areas which had previously received government funding based on need, no longer received funding because their bid was unsuccessful
Money was lost preparing bids by local authorities who did not win funding

Question 21

What is an example of the City Challenge?

Answer 21

Hulme City Challenge partnership

Question 22

What regeneration policy took place in the 2000s?

Answer 22

New Deal for Communities

Question 23

What is the New Deal for Communities?

Answer 23

We created to carry out 10 year strategic programmes designed to transform the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods and improve the lives of those living within them
Local partnerships of residents, businesses, community organisations and local authorities were established but the focus was very much on the communities being ‘at the heart of the regeneration’

Question 24

Was the New Deal for Communities successful?

Answer 24

Between 2002-2008 NDC areas saw an improvement in 32-36 core indicators: spanning crime, education, health, wordlessness, community, housing and the physical environment

Question 25

What were the failures of the New Deal for Communities?

Answer 25

The NDC strategy delivered greater positive change for place rather than people
Relatively little net-change was achieved for education and worklessness

Question 26

How much of the UK’s population live in towns and cities?

Answer 26

80%

Question 27

Why might UK urban regeneration take place?

Answer 27

Mechanisation - decline of industry, people can work from home, improved wifi
Counter-urbanisation
Suburbanisation - CBD becomes derelict (LA - dead heart)