Urban change, regeneration and urban policies Flashcards
What is deindustrialisation?
The reduction of industrial activity or capacity in a region or economy.
What economic impacts does deindustrialisation cause?
Loss of jobs and personal disposable income
Loss of tax to local authority and potential decline of services
Decline in property prices as out-migration occurs
Increase in demand for state benefits
What social impacts does deindustrialisation cause?
Increase in unemployment
Higher levels of deprivation
Out-migration of population, usually the who are better qualified and more prosperous
Higher levels of crime, family breakdown, alcohol, and drug abuse
What environmental impacts do deindustrialisation cause?
Derelict land and buildings
Long-term pollution of land from ‘dirty’ industries such as dye works and iron foundries because there is no money for land remediation
Deteriorating infrastructure
Reduced maintenance of local housing accused by lower personal incomes
Positive: reduction in noise, land and water pollution and reduced traffic congestion
Why may deindustrialisation occur?
Mechanisation - most firms can produce their goods more cheaply by using machines rather than people.
Competition from abroad - particularly the rapidly industrialising countries such as Taiwan, South Korea, India and Chine
Reduced demand for traditional products as new materials and technologies have been developed
Rise in the service economy
What is the service economy?
Tertiary and quaternary activities
What are tertiary activities?
This can be financial services for example, banking, accountancy and insurance, retailing, leisure, transport, education and health
What are quaternary activities?
Where knowledge or ideas are the main output, such as advertising, computer programming and software design
What is an Urban policy?
Relates to the strategies chosen by local or central governments to manage the development of urban areas and reduce urban problems
What regeneration policy took place in the 1980s?
Urban Development Corporations
What is the Urban Development Corporation?
Set up by government to develop and improve inner city
Was the Urban Development Corporation successful?
Effective in attracting new businesses to run-down areas and improving the environment of the UDC area
By the mid 1990s, they had attracted over £12 billion in private-sector investment and created 190,000 jobs nationally
What failures did the Urban Development Corporation see?
The property-led approach did little to tackle social problems
Local people complained they had little involvement
London Docklands, locals did not benefit from the new housing and jobs created
What regeneration policy took place in the 1990s?
The City Challenge
What is the City Challenge?
Cities competed with one another for government grants
Cities with best schemes were awarded grants
Local authority led scheme, forming partnerships between the private sector, local communities and the local authority
Strategies focused on tackling social, economic, and environmental problems in run-down parts of the city
Was the City Challenge successful?
The competition for funding lead to more successful regeneration schemes
City Challenge gave equal importance to buildings, people and values
1997 data revealed that the City Challenge had improved over 40,000 houses, created
What did the 1997 data on the city challenge reveal about houses?
It improved 40,000 houses
What did the 1997 data on the city challenge reveal about jobs?
It created 53,000 jobs
What did the 1997 data on the city challenge reveal about derelict land?
It reclaimed 2,00 ha of derelict land
What failures fit the City Challenge seek?
Resources were thinly spread over large areas
Areas which had previously received government funding based on need, no longer received funding because their bid was unsuccessful
Money was lost preparing bids by local authorities who did not win funding
What is an example of the City Challenge?
Hulme City Challenge partnership
What regeneration policy took place in the 2000s?
New Deal for Communities
What is the New Deal for Communities?
We created to carry out 10 year strategic programmes designed to transform the 39 most deprived neighbourhoods and improve the lives of those living within them
Local partnerships of residents, businesses, community organisations and local authorities were established but the focus was very much on the communities being ‘at the heart of the regeneration’
Was the New Deal for Communities successful?
Between 2002-2008 NDC areas saw an improvement in 32-36 core indicators: spanning crime, education, health, wordlessness, community, housing and the physical environment
What were the failures of the New Deal for Communities?
The NDC strategy delivered greater positive change for place rather than people
Relatively little net-change was achieved for education and worklessness
How much of the UK’s population live in towns and cities?
80%
Why might UK urban regeneration take place?
Mechanisation - decline of industry, people can work from home, improved wifi
Counter-urbanisation
Suburbanisation - CBD becomes derelict (LA - dead heart)
