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Geography > Urban > Flashcards

Urban Flashcards

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1
Q

What is urbanisation?

A

Increase in the proportion of people living in urban areas.

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2
Q

Give three reasons why urban areas are important.

A

Three from: an incident will impact many people/economic centres for production and consumption/centres for political power and decision making/hubs for social, cultural and educational exchanges/ some have economics larger than some countries, increasing their global power and influence.

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3
Q

What percentage of the global population lives in urban areas?

A

55%

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4
Q

Which three countries will account for 35% of projected growth of the world’s urban population between 2018 and 2050?

A

India, China and Nigeria

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5
Q

Why did HDEs experience rapid urbanisation in the 19th Century?

A

The industrial Revolution

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6
Q

Name the four stages in the cycle of urbanisation.

A

Urbanisation, suburbanisation, counter-urbanisation, urban resurgence

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7
Q

Name the three processes of urban change.

A

Deindustrialisation, decentralisation, rise of service economies

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8
Q

What is a megacity?

A

An urban area with a population of over 10 million people

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9
Q

Name the megacities with the largest population in 2023, and the one expected to be the largest in 2030.

A

Tokyo and Delhi

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10
Q

Name three factors leading to megacity growth.

A

Three from: rural to urban migration/ high natural increase/ high fertility rates in LDEs/ widening of urban boundaries/ globalisation and economic growth

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11
Q

How many megacities were there in 2023?

A

34

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12
Q

Give three roles of megacities.

A

Three from: dominate regional economies/ home of regional headquarters for TNCs/ regional centres for employment and services/ top of the urban hierarchy/ influence the global economy

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13
Q

What is a world city?

A

A city that has significant global influence

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14
Q

Which organisation classifies world cities?

A

Global and World Cities Research Network (GaWC)

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15
Q

How many Alpha+ cities are there?

A

7

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16
Q

What four factors affect urban microclimates?

A

Structure and form; human activity; physical location; diurnal/nocturnal temperatures and seasonal changes

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17
Q

A climate dome can effect which atmospheric variables?

A

Temperature; precipitation; relative humidity; wind speed and direction; air quality and visibility

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18
Q

What is an urban heat island?

A

When the urban area has significantly higher temperatures than surrounding rural areas

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19
Q

What two reasons linked to evaporation contribute to UHI?

A

Less evapotranspiration as there is less vegetation than in rural areas; drainage systems remove water quickly so less heat energy used to evaporate surface water

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20
Q

When are thermal gradients lower?

A

Winter

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21
Q

How much more precipitation do urban areas have than surrounding rural areas?

A

15%

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22
Q

Why does fog in urban areas disperse more slowly during high pressure systems (anticyclones)?

A

Winds are less strong

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23
Q

What is the urban canyon effect?

A

Tall buildings on either side of narrow streets funnelling winds

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24
Q

Name three serious health issues caused by particulate matter.

A

Asthma, bronchitis, lung cancer

25
Q

Name three ways that technology can help to reduce pollution.

A

Three from: hybrid electric cars and electric vehicles/ solar panels/ heat pumps/ low emitting stoves and heaters to reduce indoor air pollution

26
Q

Why do urban areas have more rainfall than surrounding rural areas?

A

Higher air temperatures hold more moisture; more condensation nuclei formed from particulate matter

27
Q

Name three ways in which urban areas alter drainage basin surfaced.

A

Reduction in vegetation and soil surface cover, increase in impermeable surfaces, replacement of natural streams by underground channels

28
Q

Give two reasons why urban hydrographs are ‘flashy’.

A

Increases peak discharge because higher proportion of rainwater flowing into urban river channels; lag times are reduced

29
Q

Why do flash floods occur in urban areas?

A

Too much surface water for drainage systems to cope with; debris blocking drainage systems causing overflow; buildings on flood plains

30
Q

What is a catchment area?

A

The area drained by a river and all its tributaries

31
Q

What is the difference between ‘hard engineering’ and ‘soft engineering’ river management?

A

Hard engineering: constructing and maintaining artificial structures to control rivers.
Soft engineering: using the natural environment and natural processes to reduce river flooding.

32
Q

Why do SUDS copy natural drainage systems?

A

To reduce or slow down surface runoff, reduce flood risk; limit wastewater and sewage flooding during intense rainfall periods; reduce water pollution; replenish groundwater sources; increases green spaces

33
Q

Name two SUDS strategies.

A

Two from: swales/ infiltration trenches/ permeable surfaces/ balancing ponds and bioretention basins/ green roofs/ greywater capture units

34
Q

How much waste in expected to be generated globally by 2050?

A

3.4 billion tonnes

35
Q

What are the tree main sources of urban waste?

A

Industrial, commercial, personal consumption

36
Q

What is Municipal solid waste?

A

It includes packaging, plastic, food, street and market wate and is found in all three urban waste sources

37
Q

Which category has the largest share of global waste?

A

Food and green waste (44%)

38
Q

Name three lifestyle factors that influence the global wate stream.

A

Three from:
- HDEs have higher recycling rates than LEDs
- Recycling facilities are more accessible in HDEs
- Higher proportion of people living in urban areas in HEDs so higher volumes of waste produced
- Urban waste contains more wate from manufactured and consumer goods
- HDEs have more packaging of ready meals, fast food and processed food to dispose of

39
Q

Do HDEs, EMEs or LDEs have the highest rates of recycling?

A

HDEs

40
Q

Name five alternative types of waste disposal.

A

Five from: unregulated/ recycling/ recovery/ incineration/ burial/ submergence/ trade

41
Q

What are the Singapore’s incinerations called?

A

Waste to energy plants

42
Q

Name three gases that contribute to atmospheric pollution.

A

Three from:
- Carbon monoxide
- Carbon dioxide
- Sulphur dioxide
- Nitrogen dioxide

43
Q

What substances are washed from cars into drainage systems?

A

Rubber, metal and oil

44
Q

What is an Ultra Low Emission Zone?

A

Vehicle exhaust must meet emission standards or drivers have to pay to use their vehicles within designated areas.

45
Q

What is planning blight?

A

Delays in plans for redevelopment leaves buildings empty and derelict over time

46
Q

Name one NGO improving water quality and sanitation in urban areas in LDEos.

A

WaterAid

47
Q

What is sustainable urban development?

A

Concept of living and working in an urban area without compromising the needs of future generations

48
Q

What is the ecological footprint of an urban area?

A

The environmental resources necessary to produce its goods and services and manage its waste

49
Q

What are the four dimensions of urban sustainability?

A

Natural, physical, social, economic

50
Q

Give three elements included in the concept of liveability?

A

Three from:
- Quality of the built environment
- Economic prosperity
- Social stability and equality
- Educational opportunities
- Quality of health
- Access to local services
- Cultural, entertainment and leisure opportunities

51
Q

Are the ecological footprints of cities higher in HDEs or LDEs?

A

HDEs

52
Q

Why did London’s population decline after the Second World War?

A

Decrease in employment opportunities( deindustrialisation); counter-urbanisation

53
Q

Give two criticisms of London Docklands development.

A

Lack of affordable housing; lack of appropriate employment opportunities

54
Q

Give an example of a sustainability-led development strategy in London.

A

BedZED

55
Q

In 2021, what percentage of London’s population was born outside the UK?

A

40%

56
Q

Give two reasons why Mumbai is at risk of flooding.

A

Two from:
- Monsoon climate
- Cyclone and tropical storm risks
- river drainage patterns
- Tsunami risk

57
Q

Name four urban issues faced by Mumbai.

A

Four from:
- Lack of effective sanitation
- Overcrowding
- Water shortage
- Traffic congestion
- Air pollution
- Wate disposal
- Pressure on medical services

58
Q

What did the NGO SPARC do to improve sanitation in Mumbai?

A

Built 300 community-managed toilet blocks

Geography (6 decks)

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