Hazards Flashcards
What is meant by the term ‘natural hazard’?
A natural phenomenon that might have a negative effect on humans, animals or the environment
There are three main types of natural hazard: geophysical, atmospheric and …
Hydrological
Of those three types, what type does a volcanic eruption fit into?
Geophysical
What are primary impacts of hazards and how are they different from secondary impacts?
Primary impacts are immediate effects; secondary occur after disaster
In what two ways are the impacts of hazards commonly measured?
Number of deaths and costs of damage in US$
How might variations in hazards incidence (occurrence) in an area reduce the perception of risk for people living there?
If incidence is low, then people living in the area might never have experienced the hazard, which can lower the perception of risk
How can education influence hazard perception and response?
Education can improve the accuracy of risk perception and understanding of response strategies
Adjustment/adaptation is one of the six characteristic human responses to hazards. List the other five.
Fatalism, prediction, mitigation, management, risk sharing
Describe the adjustment/adaptation response, using an example
Altering behaviour and/or lifestyles in response to hazard risk; e.g. building stilt houses in flood-prone areas
What is the main adjustment/adaptation response, using an example
To use evidence from previous events to plan for a future hazard event
How does the ‘mitigation’ phase of the hazard of the hazard management cycle contribute to ‘preparedness’ for future events?
Mitigation measures may show how previous plans had weaknesses, which will be addressing in the next round of ‘preparedness’ planning
What does the Park model provide a model of?
Human responses to a hazard or disaster event
What happens during the ‘relief’ stage of the Park model?
The community and/or support from governments start basic necessities to victim of the disaster
What advantage does the Park model offer when investigating responses to similar hazards over time?
It provides a visual representation of responses which makes it easy to compare events over time
Why might the Park model be criticised for its assumption of returning to normality after a disaster?
Because not all areas or societies are able to return to what was normal before the disaster happened
Name the two types of crust.
Oceanic crust and continental crust
Explain the main source of the Earth’s heat.
The natural decay of radioactive elements
Name the theory associated with Alfred Wegner.
Continental drift
Name the two processes involved in gravitational sliding.
Ridge push and slab pull
Which theory about plate movement is directly supported by palaeomagnetism?
Seafloor spreading
Mid-Atlantic ridges are most likely to be found at which type of plate margin?
Divergent plate margin
Name two plate margins where no vulcanicity occurs.
Two from:
- Continental-continental divergent
- Convergent plate margins
- Transform plate margins
Name a plate margin characterised by basaltic lava eruptions and shallow-focus earthquakes.
Divergent plate margins
Which plate margin is most associated with island arcs?
Oceanic-oceanic convergent
