Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Geography > Hazards > Flashcards

Hazards Flashcards

You may prefer our related Brainscape-certified flashcards:
U.S. Geography flashcards World Geography flashcards
1
Q

What is meant by the term ‘natural hazard’?

A

A natural phenomenon that might have a negative effect on humans, animals or the environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

There are three main types of natural hazard: geophysical, atmospheric and …

A

Hydrological

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Of those three types, what type does a volcanic eruption fit into?

A

Geophysical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

What are primary impacts of hazards and how are they different from secondary impacts?

A

Primary impacts are immediate effects; secondary occur after disaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

In what two ways are the impacts of hazards commonly measured?

A

Number of deaths and costs of damage in US $

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How might variations in hazards incidence in an area reduce the perception of risk for people living there?

A

If incidence is low, then people living in the area might never have experienced the hazard, which can lower the perception of risk

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How can education influence hazard perception and response?

A

Education can improve the accuracy of risk perception and understanding of response strategies

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Adjustment/adaptation is one of the six characteristic human responses to hazards. List the other five.

A

Fatalism, prediction, mitigation, management, risk sharing

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

Describe the adjustment/adaptation response, using an example

A

Altering behaviour and/or lifestyles in response to hazard risk; e.g. building stilt houses in flood-prone areas

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the main adjustment/adaptation response, using an example

A

To use evidence from previous events to plan for a future hazard event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How does the ‘mitigation’ phase of the hazard of the hazard management cycle?

A

Mitigation measures may show how previous plans had weaknesses, which will be addressing in the next round of ‘preparedness’ planning

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What does the Park model provide a model of?

A

Human responses to a hazard or disaster event

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What happens during the ‘relief’ stage of the Park model?

A

The community and/or support from governments start basic necessities to victim of the disaster

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What advantage does the Park model offer when investigating responses to similar hazards over time?

A

It provides a visual representation of responses which makes it easy to compare events over time

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Why might the Park model be criticised for its assumption of returning to normality after a disaster?

A

Because not all areas or societies are able to return to what was normal before the disaster happened

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Name the two types of crust.

A

Oceanic crust and continental crust

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Explain the main source of the Earth’s heat.

A

The natural decay of radioactive elements

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

Name the theory associated with Alfred Wegner.

A

Continental drift

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

Name the two processes involved in gravitational sliding.

A

Ridge push and slab pull

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Which theory about plate movement is directly supported by palaeomagnetism?

A

Seafloor spreading

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

Mid-Atlantic ridges are most likely to be found at which type of plate margin?

A

Constructive plate margin

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Name two plate margins where no vulcanicity occurs.

A

Two from:
- Continental-continental convergence
- Destructive margins
- Conservative plate margins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

Name a plate margin characterised by basic (basaltic) eruptions and shallow-focus earthquackes.

A

Constructive plate margins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

Which plate margin is most associated with island arcs?

A

Oceanic-oceanic convergence destructive plate margins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

What name is given to a focused area of heating in the lower mantle responsible for magma plumes?

A

Hot spots

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Which margin type tends to have less viscous, gently-flowing lava?

A

Constructive plate margin

27
Q

Name three factors that affect volcano explosivity.

A

Three from:
- Silica content
- Gas content
- Magma temperature
- Presence of water
- Eruption history

28
Q

Which type of volcano erupts more frequently.

A

Shield volcano

29
Q

Name the volcano hazard: flows at a speed of up to 100km/h at at temperature of up to 700 degrees C.

A

Nuees ardentes (or pyroclastic flows)

30
Q

Name the volcanic hazard:
A general term for all sizes of volcanic fragments ejected from the air during an eruption.

A

Tephra

31
Q

Name the hazard:
Result from a mixture of sulphur dioxide from volcanic eruptions and rainwater.

A

Acid rain

32
Q

Is a lava flow primary or secondary hazard?

A

Primary hazard

33
Q

Is constructing infrastructure that is resilient to volcanic impacts a short or long-term response

A

Long-term

34
Q

In what year did the E-10 ash cloud spread across European air space?

A

2010

35
Q

Name the plate margin at which earthquakes are most likely to have a deep focus.

A

Destructive plate margins

36
Q

Name the plate margin at which earthquakes are likely to have both a shallow focus and a lower margin.

A

Constructive plate margins

37
Q

As well as tectonic plate movement, name another possible cause of earthquakes.

A

One from:
- Volcanic activity
- Reservoir construction
- Fracking

38
Q

Which of the three types of shockwaves are high frequency and reach the surface first?

A

Primary waves (P-waves)

39
Q

In which global region do up to 90% of tsunamis occur?

A

Pacific Ring of Fire

40
Q

What is the name of the type of seismic hazard in which soils temporarily act as a fluid?

A

Liquifaction

41
Q

Is liquefaction a primary impact or a secondary impact?

A

Primary impacts

42
Q

Is constructing infrastructure that is resilient to seismic impacts a short or long-term response?

A

Long-term response

43
Q

Which of the following is seen as the most effective response to earthquake hazards:
mitigation, prevention or adaptation?

A

Mitigation

44
Q

A tropical storm is characterised by a wind speed in excess of what?

A

120km/h (75mph)

45
Q

What is the specific name for the effect on the atmosphere produced by the Earth’s rotation?

A

Coriolis effect

46
Q

Tropical storm do not form within which distance (in degrees of latitude) from the equator?

A

5 degrees

47
Q

Name two aspects of tropical storms are measured by the Saffir-Simpson scale?

A

wind speed and storm height

48
Q

Name three of the hazards associated with tropical storms.

A

Three from:
- High wind
- Storm surge
- Coastal flooding
- River flooding
- landslides

49
Q

Would river flooding resulting from tropical storm rainfall be classed as a primary or secondary impact?

A

Secondary impact

50
Q

Give an example of an environmental impact of a tropical storm.

A

Inundation of salt water from storm surges into freshwater habitats

51
Q

Which two cities were most associated with typhoon Haiyan and Katrina?

A

Haiyan = Tacloban
Katrina = New Orleans

52
Q

Name an environmental impact of Typhoon Haiyan.

A

Salt contamination by storm surge ruined 1 million tonnes of crops

53
Q

In the case of Typhoon Haiyan and Hurricane Katrina, did the level of economic development affect accuracy of prediction?

A

No, in the Philippines there was 48 hours of warning before Haiyan made landfall, similar to the warning period of Katrina

54
Q

What name is given to wildfires that smoulder underground in the organic layer beneath the surface?

A

Ground fires

55
Q

Name one way in which wildfires may have natural causes.

A

One from:
- Lightning strike
- Volcano eruption

56
Q

what is the name given to the process by which wildfires climb from the ground to the top of trees?

A

The ladder effect

57
Q

Complete this saying relating to wildfires spread:
The greener the vegetation…

A

…the slower the fire spreads

58
Q

How can topography influence the spread of wildfires?

A

steep slopes enhance fire spread as heat rises, meaning flames reach vegetation above on the slope more quickly

59
Q

As well as droughts and dry periods, what other weather conditions favour intense wildfires?

A

Hot temperatures and strong winds

60
Q

How many invasive vegetation species contribute to conditions favouring intense wildfires?

A

They may be more flammable than indigenous species

61
Q

Name one way in which wildfires are predicted.

A

One from:
- Weather monitoring
- Fuel monitoring
- Satellite and aerial surveillance

62
Q

Why is Japan considered a multi-hazardous environment?

A

It regularly experiences more than one hazard type: earthquakes, volcanic eruptions, landslides and storms (typhoons)

63
Q

In what year was the Tohoku earthquake and tsunami and how many people died?

A

2011 and 18,000 people

Geography (6 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions