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Respiratory (LECTURE NOTES) > Upper Respiratory tract infections and Influenza > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory tract infections and Influenza Flashcards

1
Q

What is the biggest complication of URTI in children

A

Epiglottitis

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2
Q

What is the biggest complication of URTI in adults

A

Influenza A

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3
Q

What is the medical term for the common cold

A

Coryza

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4
Q

What is the common cold characterised by

A

Rhinorrhoea
Sneezing
Nasal Obstruction
Sore throat

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5
Q

What causes the common cold

A

Rhinoviruses, coronaviruses

There are over 200 different types of viruses

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6
Q

How is infection of coryza spread

A

Droplets

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7
Q

What happens to the bacterial flora of the nasopharynx in the first few days of infection

A

Remains normal

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8
Q

What happens to the bacterial flora of the nasopharynx after the first few days of infection

A

Increase in the number of Haemophilus influenzae and Streptococcus pneumoniae organisms

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9
Q

If a secondary infection tot the common cold were to occur what would it give rise to

A

Sinusitis
Otitis media
Bronchitis
Pneumonia

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10
Q

What is the treatment for the common cold

A

No treatment - paracetamol or aspirin relieves symptoms

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11
Q

What causes pharyngitis

A

Viruses
Beta- haemolytic streptococci
Mycoplasma pneymoniae
Chlamydophilia pneymoniae

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12
Q

What are the symtoms of the common cold

A

Erythema of the pharynx
Enlargement of the tonsils
Sore throat

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13
Q

What is also involved in Infectious mononucleosis (glandular fever)

A

Lymphadenopathy and splenomegaly

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14
Q

What causes glandular fever

A

Epstein-Barr virus

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15
Q

What do patients with glandular fever develop if given amoxicilin

A

A rash

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16
Q

When is antibiotic treatment of pharyngitis used

A

Usually only in severe or complicated cases

17
Q

What antibiotics should be used if required

A

Amoxicillin or phenoxymethylpenicillin for streptococci

Tetracycline or macrolide for Mycoplasma pneumoniae or CHlamydophila pneumoniae

18
Q

What is sinusitis

A

Infection of the maxillary sinuses causing facial pain, nasal obstruction and discharge

19
Q

What organisms can cause sinusitis

A 
Viruses
Haemophilus influenzae
Strep pneumoniae 
Staph aureus 
Anaerobic bacteria
20
Q

What might be seen on a Xray in sinusitis

A

Mucosal thickning
Opacification
presence of a fluid level in the sinus

21
Q

What may cause a persistant cough

A

Post nasal dripping irritating the larynx

22
Q

How is sinusitis usually treated

A

With antibiotics
nasal decongestants
analgesia

23
Q

What is acute laryngitis

A

Temporary hoarseness or loss of voice

24
Q

When does laryngitis occur

A

With pharyngitis
Common cold
oedema of the vocal cords

25
Q

What is the treatment for acute laryngitis

A

None

26
Q

What are the symptoms of croup

A

Barking cough which may progress to stridor

27
Q

What organisms cause croup

A

Viruses

28
Q

What is the treatment of croup

A

Often none is required
Oral prednisolone is sometimes beneficial if severe
Nebulised high-dose budesonide = more rapid recovery

29
Q

What is acute epiglottitis

A

Very serious disease that is usually cause by virulent strains of Haemophilus influenzae type B often with septicaemia

30
Q

Who is most likely to develop acute epiglottitis

A

Children aged 2-3

31
Q

What are the symptoms of acute epiglottitis

A

Pyrexia
Sore throat
Laryngitis
Painful dysphagia

32
Q

What are the antibiotics used to treat acute epiglottitis

A

Amphenicol or cefuroxime

33
Q

What is making acute epiglottitis more rarely seen

A

The widespread use of vaccination against Haemophilus influenzae in childhood

34
Q

What is the antigenic drift in flu

A

Minor changes to the surface antigens

35
Q

What does the antigenic drift result in

A

Outbreaks of seasonal influenza in the winter months

36
Q

What are major changes in the surface antigens called

A

Antigenic shift

37
Q

What do antigenic shifts result in

A

Epidemics and pandemics of infection reflecting the lack of immunity in the population to the new strain

38
Q

What is the most effective way of preventing illness from seasonal influenza

A

Vaccination

39
Q

Who is entitled to get the flu vaccination

A 
Over 65s
Chronic respiratory disease (COPD, asthma, bronchiectasis) 
chronic heart failure
renal fialure 
diabetics
immunosuppressed patients 
those in nursing homes

Respiratory (LECTURE NOTES) (19 decks)

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