Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

Respiratory (LECTURE NOTES) > pulmonary Vascular Disease > Flashcards

pulmonary Vascular Disease Flashcards

1
Q

Where do Pulmonary Embolisms originate from

A

DVT in the legs which travel ot the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Where do Pulmonary Embolisms originate from

A

DVT in the legs which travel ot the lungs

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

What do PEs do

A

Obstruct the pulmonary vasculature

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Who are vulnerable to DVTs

A

Patients who are immobilised in the community or in hospital

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

What is Virchow’s triad?

A

Venous stasis
Damage to the wall of the vein
hypercoagulable state

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

How does venous stasis occur

A

As a result of immobility, local pressure, venous obstruction, congestive cardiac failure and dehydration

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does damage to a vein occur

A

Local trauma to the vein, previous thrombosis and inflammation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

How do hypercoagulable states arise?

A

As part of the body’s response to surgery, trauma and childbirth.
In association with malignancy and use of oral oestrogen contraceptives.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

What are the classic signs of DVT

A

Oedema of the leg with tenderness

erythema and pain on flexing the ankle (Homan’s sign)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

What is the usual investgation used to confirm or exclude DVT

A

Compression ultrasound of the leg veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

What happens when there is an occlusion of a large part of the pulmonary circulation

A

A catastrophic drop in cardiac output and the patient collapses with hypotension, cyanosism tachypnoea and engorged neck veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

What happens when there is an occlusion of a large part of the pulmonary circulation

A

A catastrophic drop in cardiac output and the patient collapses with hypotension, cyanosism tachypnoea and engorged neck veins

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

What are the 3 main clinical symptoms of a pulmonary embolism

A

Dyspnoea
Tachyphnoea (>20)
Pleuritic chest pain

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

What is the purpose of the CXR during investigations

A

To rule out any other causes

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

Is a CXR is usually normal in a PE. True or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

An ECG is often normal in a PE. True or false

A

True

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

What does an ECG do for investigating PE

A

Rules out an MI and cardiac arrhythmias

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

ABGs are normal in a PE. True or False

A

False.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

What are the main changes in the ABGs for a PE

A

Low PCO2 and low PO2 due to underperfused areas of lung resultin in hypoxaemia and hyperventilation

20
Q

D dimers are reduced in thromboembolism. True or false

A

False. They are elevated

21
Q

What are D dimers

A

A breakdown product of cross-linked fibrin

22
Q

Can D Dimers exclude PE

A

No - other causes

23
Q

What is the definitive test for diagnosing PE

A

Pulmonary angiography

24
Q

What is the problem with pulmonary angiography

A

They are invasive and require specialist expertise and equipment that are not widely available

25
Q

What is the definitive initial non-invasive investigation for PE

A

CTPA - computed tomography pulmonary angiography

26
Q

What is injected IV before a VQ scan

A

Famma emitting radio isotope

27
Q

What do the cold areas on the VQ scan suggest

A

There is defective blood flow

28
Q

What is the treatment for PEs

A

Anti-coagulatant therapy - Low molecular weight heparin

29
Q

How is the dose for low molecular weight heparin determined

A

Based on the patients weight

30
Q

What are some of the adverse effects of heparin

A

Haemorrhage, bruising and thrombocytopenia

31
Q

Once there is supportive subsequent investigations, what should be given

A

Oral anti-coagulation as warfarin

32
Q

Once there is supportive subsequent investigations, what should be given

A

Oral anti-coagulation as warfarin

33
Q

Can warfarin and heparin be used together

A

Yes - when warfarin is just newly introduced to the body - 48-72 hours

34
Q

What is the aim of thrombolytic therapy

A

To actively dissolbe clots

35
Q

When is thrombolytic therapy used

A

In patients with acute massive pulmonary embolism who remain in severe haemodynamic collapse

36
Q

What are 3 contraindications of thrombolytic therapy

A

Active haemorrhage
Recent major surgery
Trauma

37
Q

What is used to correct hypoxaemia

A

High flow oxygen

38
Q

In patients who are contraindicative of thrombolytic therapy, what could be used

A

A venous filter into the inferior vena cava

39
Q

What is cor pulmonale

A

The development of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to disease of the lungs.

40
Q

What is cor pulmonale

A

The development of pulmonary hypertension and right ventricular hypertrophy secondary to disease of the lungs.

41
Q

What is Wegener’s granulomatosis characterised by

A

Necrotising granulomatous inflammation and vasculitis affecting in particular the upper airways, the lungs and kidneys

42
Q

What is usually present in the serum of Wegener’s granulomatosis

A

Anti-neutrophil cytoplasmic antibodies

43
Q

How is Wegener’s granulomatosis treated

A

Combination of corticosteroids and also cyclophosphamide

44
Q

How is Wegener’s granulomatosis treated

A

Combination of corticosteroids and also cyclophosphamide

45
Q

What is Goodpasture’s syndrome

A

It consists of a combination of glomerulonephritis and alveolar haemorrhage in association with circulating anti-basement membrane antibody that binds to the lung and renal tissue

46
Q

What is the treatment of Goodpasture’s syndrome?

A

Corticosteroids and cyclophosphamide with plasmapheresis to remove circulating antibodies

47
Q

What are the values of pulmonary hypertension

A

Mean pressure of more than 25mmHg

Respiratory (LECTURE NOTES) (19 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions