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Respiratory (LECTURE NOTES) > Pulmonary Function Tests > Flashcards

Pulmonary Function Tests Flashcards

1
Q

What 3 things cause a variation in ventilatory performance?

A

Height
Age
Sex

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2
Q

What is the standard deviation for vital capacity (VC)?

A

500ml

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3
Q

What is ventilation?

A

The process of moving air in and out of the lungs

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4
Q

What is the tidal volume?

A

The volume of air that enters and leaves the lungs during normal breathing

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5
Q

What is the functional residual capacity?

A

The volume of gas within the lungs at the end of a normal expiration

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6
Q

What is the total lung capacity?

A

The volume of gas in the lungs after a full inspiration

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7
Q

What is the residual volume

A

The volume of gas remaining in the lungs after a full expiration

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8
Q

What is the Vital Capacity

A

The volume of air expelled by a full expiration from a position of full inspiration

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9
Q

How can we measure VC

A

Spirometry

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10
Q

How are residual volume and total lung capacity measured?

A

Using gas dilution or plethysmography mehtods

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11
Q

What is the most commonly used lung function test

A

Spirometry

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12
Q

What does spirometry measure

A

The amount and the speed of airflow that can be exhaled

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13
Q

What might reduce the FVC

A 
Any condition that limits the lungs ability to achieve a full inspiration 
Lung fibrosis
Loss of lung volume 
Kyphoscoliosis
Ankylosing spondylitis
Muscle weakness (myopathy 
Myasthenia gravis
COPD
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14
Q

What is FEV1

A

The volume of air expelled in the first second of a maximal forced expiration from a position of full inspiration

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15
Q

What reduces the FEV1

A

Any condition that reduces VC

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16
Q

How is an obstructive defect detected

A

When the ratio of FEV1/FVC is less than 0.7

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17
Q

How is a restrictive defect detected

A

When the ratio is normal but there is a reduced FEV1 and FVC

18
Q

What is the Peak expiratory flow

A

The maximum rate of airflow that can be achieved during a sudden forced expiration from a position of full inspiration

19
Q

How many times is the PEF completed

A

3 times and and the best score is taken

20
Q

What causes a reduced TLC

A

Restrictive lung disease

21
Q

What causes an increased TLC?

A

Manifestation of hyperinflation

22
Q

Changes in PCO2 are termed as what

A

Respiratory

23
Q

Changes in HCO3 are termed as what

A

Metabolic

24
Q

What does a disturbance in one system tend to promt

A

A compensatory response in the other

25
Q

What is a general principle of compensation

A

Physiological copensatory mechanisms do not overcompensate. They often stop just short of total correction

26
Q

What is the most likely abnormality with an increased pH

A

Alkalosis

27
Q

What is the most likely abnormality with a decreased pH

A

Acidosis

28
Q

Describe the changes found in acute respiratory acidosis

A

Reduced pH
Increase PCO2
Normal bicarbonate level

29
Q

Describe the changes found in chronic respiratory acidosis

A

pH normal
Increased PCO2
High Bicarbonate level

30
Q

What can cause acute respiratory acidosis

A

Obstruction of the airway
Overdose of sedative drugs
Acute neurological damage

31
Q

What can cause chronic respiratory acidosis

A

Any process that results in sustained hypoventilation

COPD

32
Q

Describe the changes in respiratory alkalosis

A

pH raised
PCO2 reduced
Normal bicarbonate level

33
Q

Describe the changes in metabolic acidosis

A

pH reduced
PCO2 reduced
Bicarbonate reduced

34
Q

What can cause respiratory alkalosis

A 
Hyperventilation
Pulmonary ebp;os,
Acute severe asthma
Anxiety related hyperventilation 
Salicylate poisoning
35
Q

What can cause metabolic acidosis

A

Vomiting

Hypokalaemia - reabsorption of bicarbonate

36
Q

What is respiratory failure?

A

Failure to maintain oxygenation

37
Q

Describe what type 1 respiratory failure is

A

Hypoxaemia in the absence of hypercapnia
Ventilation is normal
Distubance of the VQ matching system within the lung

38
Q

What can cause type 1 respiratory failure?

A

Intrinsic lung disease
Acute asthma
Lung fibrosis
Pulmonary embolism

39
Q

Describe what type 2 respiratory failure is

A

Hypoxaemia with hypercapnia

40
Q

What might cause type 2 respiratory failure

A

Sedative overdose
Reduced neuomuscular power
Resetting of the chemoreceptors that drive ventilation in chronic lung disease (COPD

41
Q

What is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

The relationship of PO2 to oxygen saturation

42
Q

What shape is the oxyhaemoglobin dissociation curve

A

Sigma

Respiratory (LECTURE NOTES) (19 decks)

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