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Systems: Respiratory AB > Upper Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

How do you differentiate between a cold and something more serious in a child?

A

Reassure the parents and tell them to seek medical advice if the child becomes ‘unwell’

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2
Q

Where does the URT boundary lie?

A

Level of the larynx

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3
Q

What are some infections of the URT?

A
  • Rhinitis
  • Otitis media
  • Pharyngitis
  • Laryngitis
  • Epiglottitis
  • Croup
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4
Q

What are examples of viral infective agents?

A
  • Adenovirus
  • Influenza A, B
  • Para’flu I, II
  • RSV
  • Rhinovirus
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5
Q

What are examples of bacterial infective agents?

A
  • H influenza
  • M catarrhalis
  • Mycoplasma
  • Staph. aureus
  • Streptococci (S. Pyogenes, S. pneumoniae)
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6
Q

How do URTI’s usually start?

A

With a sore throat and runny nose

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7
Q

How do you know if the child is going to get worse, is at their worst or past their worst?

A

You can’t know all you can do is ask their parents to review them

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8
Q

What is rhinitis a prodrome to?

A
  • Pneumonia
  • Bronchiolitis
  • Meningitis
  • Septicaemia
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9
Q

What is the treatment for the common cold?

A

Time, clear fluids and not wasting money on ‘remedies’

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10
Q

Describe the appearance of otitis media?

A

Erythema

Bulging drum

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11
Q

How can otitis media occur?

A
  • As a primary viral infection

- As a secondary infection with pneumococcus/ H’flu

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12
Q

Why is it advisable to not treat otitis media with antibiotics?

A
  • Often the main symptom is pain and that can be treated with analgesics
  • Antibiotics would take effect from day 2/3 after the worst of the symptoms
  • Studies show that a large proportion of those who took antibiotics suffered from side effects
  • The benefits do not outweigh the negatives
  • First do no harm
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13
Q

What are common side effects of the antibiotics sometimes used in otitis media?

A
  • Diarrhoea

- Nappy rash

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14
Q

How long does the earache associated with otitis media usually last?

A

Usually up to 8 days

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15
Q

What are the benefits of delaying treatment for otitis media?

A
  • Fewer patients are treated unnecessarily saving money and decreasing risk of antibiotic resistance
  • Fewer people experience side effects
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16
Q

What is definite about treatment for otitis media?

A
  • Analgesia works
  • Antibiotics may work after 24 hours but they are not advised
  • The illness resolves within a short period of time
17
Q

What is the main symptom of tonsillitis/pharyngitis?

A

Sore throat

18
Q

What should not be given to treat tonsillitis?

A

Amoxycillin

19
Q

How can bacterial and viral tonsillitis be differentiated?

A

The only way is for a throat swab to be sent to the lab and cultured to see if bacterial colonies grow. Culturing takes 48 hours

20
Q

What is the dilemma surrounding whether to treat tonsillitis with antibiotics or not?

A

Culturing takes 48 hours to show if it is bacterial and will respond to antibiotics. However within this time the infection will start to improve by itself

21
Q

What is another name for croup?

A

Laryntracheobronchitis

22
Q

What causes croup?

A

Para’flu I

23
Q

How does the child appear with croup?

A

Well

24
Q

What are the characteristic symptoms of croup?

A
  • Coryza
  • Stridor
  • Hoarse voice
  • Barking cough
25
Q

How to you treat croup?

A

Oral dexamethasone

26
Q

What cause epiglottitis ?

A

H innfluenzae Type B

27
Q

How does the child appear with epiglottitis?

A

Toxic and very unwell

28
Q

What are the characteristic symptoms of epiglottitis?

A
  • Stridor

- Drooling

29
Q

What is the most concerning symptom of croup?

A

Stridor

30
Q

What is the treatment for epiglottitis?

A

Intubation and antibiotics

31
Q

What is the dilemma between diagnosis of croup/ epiglottitis?

A
  • You need to get it right
  • Epiglottitis is the differential diagnosis for croup
  • However, epiglottitis is extremely serious as it can block the airways
32
Q

What are the majority of URTIs caused by?

A

Pathogens

33
Q

What is normally not useful in the treatment of URTIs?

A

Antibiotics

34
Q

What are most URTIs?

A

Self-limiting

Systems: Respiratory AB (39 decks)

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