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Respiratory > Upper Respiratory Tract Infections > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards

1
Q

What are symptoms of the common cold?

A
  • Sore throat
  • Nasal congestion
  • Rhinorrhea
  • Sneezing
  • Cough
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2
Q

What viruses can cause the common cold?

A
  • Rhinovirus (50%)
  • Corona virus
  • Influenza virus
  • Respiratory syncitial virus
  • Parainfluenza virus
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3
Q

How is the common cold transmitted?

A
  • Direct contact
  • Aerosolized droplets
  • Virus enters nose
  • Mucociliary clearance to nasopharynx
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4
Q
  • How does the virus causing common cold enter epithelial cells?
  • What changes does it cause once it enters the cells?
A
  • How does the virus causing common cold enter epithelial cells?
    • Via intercellular adhesion molecule-1
  • What changes does it cause once it enters the cells?
    • Vasodilation, increased mucous secretion, extensive respiratory epithelium damage
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5
Q

What is the first line therapy for Otitis Media?

A

Amoxicillin

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6
Q

What risk factors are associated with Otitis Media?

A
  • Daycare
  • Smoke exposure
  • Lack of breast-feeding
  • Ethnicity
  • Family history
  • Older siblings
  • Low SES
  • Downs syndrome/Cleft palate
  • Native American heritage
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7
Q

What are some causes of acute and chronic otitis media?

Which virus is more likely to cause acute? chronic?

A
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (40% of acute cases)
  • Haemophilus influenza (25% of acute; 15% of chronic)
  • Moraxella Catarhalis
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8
Q

What types of ear tubes are used in otitis media? What is their purpose?

A
  • Pressure equalizing tubes
  • Myringotomy tubes
  • Tympanostomy tubes

Allows the middle ear to ventilate until the eustachian tube is mature (usually last 6-18 months)

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9
Q

What are some indications for ear tubes?

A
  • Chronic middle ear effusion ± conductive hearing loss
  • Recurrent suppurative otitis media
  • Atelectasis of middle ear
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10
Q

What are paranasal sinuses?

A

Air filled cavities that are found in the bones of teh face/head

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11
Q

What are the 4 sets of sinuses?

A
  • Ethmoid
  • Maxillary
  • Sphenoid
  • Frontal
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12
Q

What is Rhino-sinusitis?

A

Inflammation/infection of the nasal passage and paranasal sinuses

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13
Q

What are the different types of Rhino-Sinusitis?

A
  • Acute Rhinosinusitis
    • Acute bacterial (Strep, Haemophilus, Moraxella)
    • Acute viral
  • Recurrent acute rhinosinusitis
  • Chronic Rhinosinusitis
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14
Q

What is the progression of sinus disease (Cycle)?

A

Sinus disease → Swelling → Narrowed sinus ostia → Impedes drainage → Mucus fills sinus → Bacteria grow → Sinus infection

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15
Q

What causes inflammation in the sinuses?

A
  • Viral infections
  • Environmental allergens
  • Environmental irritants
  • Mucus
  • Medications
  • Bacteria
  • Fungus
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16
Q

How does pseudomembranous candidiasis appear?

A
  • Thrush
    • Adherent white plaques
      • Tongue, buccal mucosa, hard palate
      • Plaques wipe off and underlying mucosa is erythematous
17
Q

What is the second most common AIDS-defining opportunistic infection?

A

Pseudomembranous candidiasis

18
Q

Pseudomembranous candidiasis is most common in _____ and ________

A

infants; immunocompromised

19
Q

What is the most common form of candidiasis?

What are the subtypes?

A
  • Erythematous candidiasis
    • Acute atrophic
    • Chronic atrophic
    • Angular chelitis
    • Median rhomboid glossitis
    • Chronic multifocal
20
Q
  • What is Angular chelitis?
  • What bacteria cause it?
  • In what types of patients is it most commonly seen?
A
  • What is Angular chelitis?
    • combination of bacterial and fungal infections
  • What bacteria cause it?
    • C. albicans and S. aureus
  • In what types of patients is it most commonly seen?
    • Patients with dentures
21
Q

How is Candidiasis diagnosed?

A
  • Based on clinical signs/symptoms
  • Cytology
  • Mucosal biopsy
  • Culture
22
Q

Name the parts of the mouth

A
23
Q

What is stomatitis?

A

The broad term for any infection involving the mouth or lips

24
Q

What are viral causes of stomatitis?

What are fungal causes of stomatitis?

A
  • Viral
    • Measles virus
    • Coxsackie virus
    • Human papillomavirus
    • Herpes simplex virus
  • Fungal
    • Candida albicans
    • Aspergillosis
    • Histoplasma capsulatam
    • Blastomyces dermatitidis
25
Q

What is Waldeyer’s ring?

A

An aggregate of lymphoid tissue in the upper aerodigestive tract

26
Q

What are the indications for an adenotonsillectomy?

A
  • Upper airway obstruction
  • Recurrent/chronic infection
  • Neoplasia (lymphoma/carcinoma)
27
Q

What are the types of upper airway obstructions that would indicate an adenotonsillectomy?

A
  • Adenoids (nasopharynx obstruction)
  • Palatine tonsils (oropharynx)
  • Lingual tonsils (hypopharynx)
28
Q

What are the steps in assesing a sore throat?

A
  • Assess probability of strep (Low, Moderate, High)
  • If moderate or High - Rapid strep test
  • If positive - treat for strep
    • If patient does not improve, or worsens, re-evaluate
    • If patient is 10-25 years of age test for mononucleosis
    • If patient is <10 or >25 years old, order throat culture
      • Treat with appropriate antibodies
29
Q

How do you obtain a throat culture?

A
  • Culture each tonsil and posterior pharyngeal wall
  • Twis, rotate swab into tissue
  • Avoid touching the tongue
  • Immediate transfer to transport medium
30
Q

What are the cervical lymph nodes and what metastasizes to them?

A
  • Upper jugular chain - metastasis from nasopharynx
  • Posterior triangle - metastasis from nasopharynx, posterior skull
  • Lower jugular chain area - thyroid, upper esophagus
  • Submandibular triangle - anterior two thirds of tongue
  • Submental triangle - metastasis from lip cancer
  • Midjugular chain - any portion of oral cavity, pharynx or larynx
31
Q

Supraglottitis

  • Onset:
  • Symptoms:
  • Stridor:
  • Etiology:
  • Treatment:
A

Onset: Rapid
Symptoms: Drooling, fevers, sitting up, SICK
Stridor: Inspiratory
Etiology: H. flu (Type B)
Treatment: Secure airway, antibx

32
Q

Croup

  • Onset:
  • Symptoms:
  • Stridor:
  • Etiology:
A

Onset: Gradual
Symptoms: Barking cough, low fevers
Stridor: Biphasic
Etiology: Viral

33
Q

What is the characteristic sign of epiglottitis?

A

Thumb print sign

34
Q

Bacterial Tracheitis

  • Symptoms:
  • Etiology:
  • Treatment:
A

Symptoms: Toxic, cough, stridor, fever
Etiology: Usually S. Aureus
Treatment: IV antibiotics, hydration, rigid bronchoscopy

Respiratory (31 decks)

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