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Respiratory > Bacterial Pathogens of the Respiratory Tract > Flashcards

Bacterial Pathogens of the Respiratory Tract Flashcards

1
Q

In what ways do bacteria enter/spread into the lower respiratory tract?

A
  • Direct ihalation
  • Aspiration of upper airway contents
  • Spread along mucous membrane sufrace
  • Hematogenous spread
  • Direct penetration (intratracheal tube)
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2
Q

What are the defense barriers to bacterial infections?

A
  • Ability to filter particles based on size
  • Mucociliary elevator
  • Respiratory tract secretions
  • Localized immune cells and responses
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3
Q

What are the common bacterial pathogens (discussed in this lecture)?

A
  • Bordetella pertussis
  • Corynebacterium diptheriae
  • Neisseria meningitidis
  • Streptococcus pyogenes
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Haemophilus influenzae
  • Mycoplasma pneumoniae
  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa
  • Legionella pneumophila
  • Mycobacterium tuberculosis
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4
Q

Which bacteria are gram positive? Of these which have coccus and which have rods?

A
  • Gram positive
    • Coccus
      • Staphylococcus
      • Streptococcus
    • Rods
      • Corynebacterium
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5
Q

Which bacteria are gram negative? Of these, which have coccus, which have coccobacillus and which have rods?

A
  • Gram Negative Bacteria
    • Coccus
      • Neisseria
    • Rod
      • Pseudomonas
      • Legionella
      • Haemophilus
    • Coccobacillus
      • Bordetella
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6
Q

Which bacteria are acid fast with rods?

Which bacteria is pleomorphic and has no cell wall?

A

Acid Fast (Rod) - Mycobacterium

No cell wall (Pleomorphic) - Mycoplasma

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7
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes

  • Morphology:
  • Disease:
  • Virulence Factors:
  • Vaccine?:
A

Streptococcus pyogenes

Morphology: Gm +; cocci in chains
Disease: Strep throat, scarlet fever
Virulence Factors: ß-hemolytic, hyaluronic capsule, M protein
Vaccine?: No

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8
Q

Streptococcus pneumoniae

  • Morphology:
  • Disease:
  • Virulence Factors:
  • Vaccine?:
A

Morphology: Gm +; cocci in chains
Disease: Otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia
Virulence Factors: α-hemolytic, polysaccharide capsule, pneumolysin
Vaccine?: Yes

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9
Q

Staphylococcus Aureus

  • Morphology:
  • Disease:
  • Important virulence factors:
  • Vaccine?:
A

Staphylococcus Aureus

Morphology: Gm+; cocci in clusters
Disease: Upper RT infections, pneumonia
Important virulence factors: Polysaccharide capsule, protein A, lots of toxins
Vaccine?: No

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10
Q

Neisseria meningtidis

  • Morphology:
  • Disease:
  • Important virulence factors:
  • Vaccine?:
A

Neisseria Meningtidis

Morphology: Gm -; Diplococci
Disease: Pharyngitis, pneumonia
Important virulence factors: Polysaccharid capsule, pilin, endotoxin
Vaccine?: Yes

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11
Q

Haemophilus Influenzae

  • Morphology:
  • Disease:
  • Important virulence factors:
  • Vaccine?:
A

Haemophilus Influenzae

Morphology: Gm-; plemorphic, short rods
Disease: Otitis media, sinusitis, pneumonia, epiglottitis
Important virulence factors: Nonencapsulated and encapsulated, several adhesins
Vaccine?: Yes

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12
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

  • Morphology:
  • Disease:
  • Important Virulence Factors:
  • Vaccine?:
A

Mycobacterium tuberculosis

Morphology: Acid fast rods
Disease: Tuberculosis
Important Virulence Factors: Acute/latent infections, lipid-rich cell envelope
Vaccine?: Yes

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13
Q

Legionella pneumophila

Morphology:
Disease:
Important Virulence Factors:
Vaccine?:

A

Legionella pneumophila

Morphology: Gm -; rods
Disease: Legionairre;s disease; pontiac fever
Important Virulence Factors: Opportunistic, numerous enzymes
Vaccine?: No

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14
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

  • Morphology:
  • Disease:
  • Important Virulence Factors:
  • Vaccine?:
A

Pseudomonas aeruginosa

Morphology: Gm-; rods
Disease: Otitis media, pneumonia
Important Virulence Factors: Opportunistic, numerous enzymes, forms biofilms
Vaccine?: No

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15
Q

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Morphology:
Disease:
Important Virulence Factors:
Vaccine?:

A

Mycoplasma pneumoniae

Morphology: Does not stain; pleomorphic
Disease: Tracheobronchitis, pneumonia
Important Virulence Factors: Lacks cell wall, P1 adhesin
Vaccine?: No

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16
Q

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Morphology:
Disease:
Important Virulence Factors:
Vaccine?:

A

Corynebacterium diptheriae

Morphology: Gm + rods in club or v-shape
Disease: Diptheria, pseudomembrane in RT
Important Virulence Factors: Deptheria toxin, local and systemic infection
Vaccine?: Yes

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17
Q

Bordetella pertussis

  • Morphology:
  • Disease:
  • Important Virulence Factors:
  • Vaccine?:​
A

Bordetella Pertussis

Morphology: Gm -; pleomorphic, coccobacillus
Disease: Pertussis
Important Virulence Factors: Pertussis toxin, pertactin, FHA
Vaccine?: Yes

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18
Q

What are some strategies used by RT pathogens to adhere to and/or invade tissues?

A

Pili

Fimbriae

Adhesins

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19
Q

What are some factors that inhibit or neutralize host defense mechanisms?

What are some toxins that alter/inactivate host cell functions?

A

What are some factors that inhibit or neutralize host defense mechanisms?

  • Proteases, capsule

What are some toxins that alter/inactivate host cell functions?

  • Ribosylate G-proteins and EF-2, phospholipases
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20
Q

What are the three distinct phases of pertussis (Bordetella pertussis)?

A
  • Catarrhal - initial 1-2 weeks of infection
  • Paroxysmal - most severe symptoms (cough)
  • Convalescence - symptomology due to pertussis toxin
21
Q

For bordetella pertussis, adults are often ______ ______ because it is a disease of the ______

A

Asymptomatic carriers

Young

22
Q

What is the mechanism of B. Pertussis elicitation?

A
  1. Bacteria binds to ciliated epithelium
  2. PTx alters adeylate cyclase activity
    1. ADP ribosylates G
    2. Elevates cAMP production
    3. Increases secretions and mucus production
  3. Damage to the mucociliary escelator → Whooping cough
23
Q

C. Diptheriae is often arranged in ______

A

pallisades

24
Q

What is the function of diptheria toxin (DTx)?

A

ADP-ribosylates EF-2

Produces pili required for bacterial colonization of upper RT

25
Q

What is the C. Diptheriae mechanism of disease elicitation?

A
  1. Pili mediate adherence to respiratory epithelium
  2. Extensive bacterial replication at surface epithelium
  3. Two stages: invasion and toxigenesis
26
Q

What makes up the vaccine for C. Diptheria?

A

Formalin inactiavted diptheria toxin

27
Q

Neisseria meningitidis is a common inhabitant of the __________

A

nasopharynx

28
Q

What are the functions of the N. meningitidis virulence factors?

Capsule:

Type IV pili:

Endotoxin:

Lipooligosaccharide:

A

Capsule: Prevents phagocytosis and complement fixation

Type IV pili: Allow colonization of the nasopharynx

Endotoxin: Responsible for most clinical manifestations

Lipooligosaccharide: Has endotoxin activity

29
Q

The N. meningitidis vaccine works against which serotypes?

At what age are the different vaccines administered?

A

Developed agains serogroups A, C, Y, and W135

Adminstered to individuals > 2yrs old

MCV4-conjugate vaccine = 55yrs and younger

MPSV4-capsule vaccine = 55yrs and older

30
Q

Streptococcus pyogenes is catalase - ______

A

negative

31
Q

Describe the diseases associated with Streptoccocus pyogenes

A

Pharyngitis: redness and edema of the mucous membranes, fever, purulent exudate, tonsilitus

Scarlet fever: streptococcal pharyngitis and an erythematous punctiform rash

32
Q

S. Pyogenes surface proteins (M protein, F protein, LTA) promote…

A

Adherence in pharynx

33
Q

Besides gram stain, how can Streptococcus be tested for?

A

Rapid antigen detection test

34
Q

How is staphylococcus aureus aqcuired?

A

Acquired via aspiration of oral secretions or hematogenous spread from distant infection side

35
Q

What are the functions of the following S. aureus virulence factors?

LTA:

Protein A:

Coagulase:

A

LTA: Binds to epithelial cells (fibronectin)

Protein A: Binds Fc receptors to inhibit antibody-mediated clearance

Coagulase: converts fibrinogen to fibrin

36
Q

What is the function of pneumolysin in S. pneumoniae?

A

Destroys ciliated epithelial cells

Activates alternative complement pathway

Suppresses phagocyte oxidative burst

37
Q

S. Pneumoniae vaccines

When do you deliver the two types of vaccines?

A

Adults and children > 2yrs - immunize with vaccine containing 23-different capsular polysaccharides

For children < 2yrs - immunize with 13-valent conjugated vaccine

38
Q

H. Influenzae requires ___ and ____ for growth?

A

heme; NAD

39
Q

How does H. Influenzae attach to respiratory epithelium?

A

Pili and OMPs (Outer membrane proteins)

40
Q

Which type of H. Influenzae has a vaccine?

A

H. Influenzae type B

41
Q

What delicious breakfast food does mycoplasma pneumonia resemble on agar medium?

A

fried-egg like appearance

42
Q

What is the M. pneumoniae mechanism of disease elicitation?

A
  1. Associates with upper airway epithelial cells through major adhesion (P1)
  2. Local accumulation of toxic metabolites
  3. Binding destroys cilia and inhibits clearance by normal mechanisms - shedding of bacteria in respiratory secretions
  4. Inflammatory response enhances cell damage
43
Q

Pseudomonas aeruginosa is most associated with lung infections of _____ ______ patients

A

cystic fibrosis

44
Q

The _______ of P. aeruginosa allows the bacteria to resist immune-mediated clearance

A

biofilm

45
Q

What are the functions of endotoxin and pyocyanin for P. aeruginosa?

A

Endotoxin: elicits septic shock

Pyocyanin: Pigments that induce release of ROI (reactive oxygen intermediates)

46
Q

Legionella is typically detected by ….

A

Fluorescent antibody stain

47
Q

Between Pontiac fever and Legionnaire’s disease, which is more severe?

A

Legionnaire’s disease

48
Q

Mycobacterium tuberculosis has a thick waxy cell wall containing ______ _____ and ______________

A

mycolic acids and lipoarabinomannan

49
Q

Where does mycobacterium persist?

What are its virulence factors and what do they do?

A

Persists within host generated granulomas

  • Mycolic acids and liparabinomannan -prevents damage by host compounds encountered within granuloma
  • Cord factor - inhibits PMNs

Respiratory (31 decks)

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