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Respiratory > Radiologic Anatomy of Thorax > Flashcards

Radiologic Anatomy of Thorax Flashcards

1
Q

What are the anatomical structures of the upper airway?

A
  1. Sinuses
  2. Nasopharnx
  3. Oropharynx
  4. Proximal Trachea
  5. Middle ear
  6. Mastoids/Temporal Bone
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2
Q

When is imaging appropriate for:

  1. Sinuses
  2. Temporal bone
A
  1. Sinuses (most common)
    • Chronic sinusitis and complications
    • Acute sinusitis
    • Post operative
    • Tumors
    • Trauma
  2. Temporal Bone
    • Hearing loss
    • Trauma
    • Infection
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3
Q

What is used for imaging sinuses?

A
  1. Radiographs
    • Less commonly used than in past
  2. CT
    • Axials with reformatted images
    • Direct Coronals
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4
Q

What can be suggestive of acute sinusitis?

A

mucosal thickening within a nasal sinus

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5
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Nasal Polyposis

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6
Q

When would the trachea imaged for an infection?

A
  • Unusual to image for infections
  • ‘Trachiitis’ or ‘bronchitis’
  • Exceptions:
    1. Epiglottitis
    2. Tracheal papillomatosis
    3. Croup
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7
Q

Trachitis

A

Epiglotitis

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8
Q

What can cause the trachea to collapse during expiration?

A

weak tracheal rings

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9
Q

What are the different views for a chest radiograph?

A
  1. PA, lateral
  2. AP - upright
  3. AP-Supine
  4. Decubitus
    • pt. lays on their side
  5. Oblique views
    • for rib fx
  6. Lordotic
    • pt. leans back
    • looks for lesion underneath clavicle
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10
Q

AP or PA?

A

AP view

  • enlarged heart
  • widened mediastinum
  • reduced lung volumes (possibly did not inspire properly)
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11
Q

AP or PA?

A

PA view

  • all features are normal (compared to the AP view)
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12
Q

Identify the lung structures:

A
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13
Q

Identify the lung structures:

Which lung is this?

A

Right lung

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14
Q

Why is an MRI not good for imaging the lung parenchyma?

A
  1. Cannot image lung parenchyma well
  2. Motion artifact
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15
Q
  • How are pulmonary infections evaluated through imaging?
  • Are there any clues that can point to a specific infection?
A
  • Often, the pattern of disease can be described
    • Usually, the individual pathogen is difficult to discern on imaging
  • Any clues?
    • Non-resolving pneumonia
    • High clinical suspicion
    • Unique features
    • Chest wall invasion
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16
Q

What is the pattern for bronchopneumonia?

A

“tree in bud” pattern

  • Look for patchy densities
17
Q

What is a silhoutte sign?

A

Dense lung and cardiac parenchyma leads to:

  • Loss of cardiac border
  • Consolodation
18
Q

What is an air bronchogram?

A

Patent bronchi in an area of collapsed and consolidated lung

19
Q

Excluding cancer, what is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Lobar pneumonia (in RUL)

20
Q

What is seen in this radiograph?

A

Multifocal Infiltrates

21
Q

What is seen in this radiograph?

A

Lobar consolidation (in RML)

22
Q

What can be seen on CT if there is lobar consolidation?

A

Air bronchogram

23
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Miliary TB

  • nodular densities throughout the entire lung
24
Q

Granulomas that result from histoplasmosis heal by ….

A

calcification

25
Q

Blastomycosis

A

Histoplasmosis

26
Q

If the lung has a “dirty” appearance, what pathogen is most likely the cause of this?

A

Aspergillosis

27
Q

What can be done clinically to tell the difference between cancer vs. aspergilloma?

A

Aspergillomas move and cancer does not

  • Have the patient imaged in two different postions
28
Q

Describe how Aspergillus presents in the following patients:

  1. Severely immunosuppressed
  2. Imunosuppressed
  3. Normal immunity, abnormal lungs
  4. Hyperimmune
A
  1. Severely immunosuppressed
    • Invasive aspergillus
  2. Immunosuppressed
    • Semi invasive aspergillus
  3. Normal immunity, abnormal lungs
    • Aspergilloma
  4. Hyper immune
    • ABPA - Allergic bronchopulmonary aspergillosis
29
Q

What will be seen on CT in immunosuppressed patients with a lung infection?

A

extensive infiltrates of the lung parenchyma

30
Q

What are radiologic findings for viral infections?

A

Wide spectrum of non specific findings:

  • Normal
  • Patchy infiltrates
  • Diffuse, severe infiltrates
  • Superimposed bacterial pneumonia
31
Q

How is varicella pneumonia different from miliary TB (as far as imaging is concerned)?

A

Miliary pattern with calcified lesions instead of soft tissue (unlike TB)

32
Q

Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome (ARDS)

A

Bilateral Pleural Effusions

33
Q

What is the most likely diagnosis?

A

Right pleural effusion

Respiratory (31 decks)

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