Upper Respiratory Tract Infections Flashcards
What are the causes of the common cold and their prevalence?
40%-60^ caused by rhinovirus and coronavirus
15%-20% by influenza, parainfluenza and respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)
What are the vast majority of pharyngitis cases caused by?
Viruses: Rhinovirus, coronavirus, influenza, parainfluenza, RSV
What is the most common bacterial throat infection?
Cause?
Streptococcal pharyngitis - caused by Streptococcus pyogenes, a Group A strep (GAS)
What causes scarlet fever?
What does it present with?
Group A strep - Streptococcus pyogenes
Pharyngitis that presents with strawberry tongue - turns red from toxins.
LIst two suppurative and two non-suppurative complications of GAS pharyngitis.
Suppurative:
- Peritonsillar abscesses
- Otitis media
- Sinusitis
Non-suppurative
- Rheumatic fever
- Glomerulonephritis
How is GAS pharyngitis treated?
Amoxycillin + clavulanic acid (Augmentin)
What is the most common cause of acute epiglottitis?
Haemophilus influenzae type B
In what demographic does acute epiglottitis mainly occur in?
Mainly in children.
What causes diphtheria?
Corynebacterium diphtheriae
What are the local and systemic effects of diphtheria?
Local: Necrotic tissue forms a membrane that can cause obstruction
Systemic: Myocardial toxicity
Treatment of diphtheria?
Penicillin/erythromycin
What is croup?
What is the most common cause?
Croup is a syndrome, not a diagnosis, characterised by horse, barking cough.
IT is caused by respiratory viruses, most commonly parainfluenza virus.
What are the clinical presentations of croup and the treatment require for this?
Croup:
- fever
- horse, barking cough
- Inflammatory bstruction of subglottic area
Treatment requires maintenance of the airway and steroid use to reduce inflammation and allow breathing.
Three main causes and symptoms of sinusitis
- Haemophilus influenzae
- Moraxella catarrhalis
- Streptococcus pneumoniae
Symptoms:
- Inflammatory obstruction of sinus
- Coryzal symptoms
- Fever
Three treatment methods for sinusitis?
- Antibiotics
- Topical intranasal corticosteroids to reduce inflammation
- Surgical drainage
Most kids have one episode of _____?
Caused by streptococcus ____ and haemophilus ______?
Acute otitis media
Caused by streptococcus pneumonia and haemophilus influenza B.
Clinical presentation of acute otitis media?
- Obstruction of Eustachian tube
- Ear pain
- Fever
- Congestion of mucosa
Treatment for acute otitis media
Antibiotics are not that helpful
Over 50% of cases are self-limiting and pain free after 24hrs.
Treatment for chronic otitis media?
Antibiotics
Surgigcal management: Grommet
What can occur in chronic otitis media that you wouldn’t usually see in acute otitis media?
Ear drum perforation
Hearing loss
What is otitis externa?
What is it caused by? (2)
What does it look like?
Infection of the external ear canal.
Caused by staphylococcus aureus or streptococcus pyogenes
Presents with pus dripping out of the ear
Why is otitis externa called swimmer’s ear?
Infection is exacerbated by moisture.
