Upper Respiratory System Flashcards
Classification of respiratory system
Upper and lower respiratory system
Upper respiratory system
Nose, nasal cavity, pharynx
Lower respiratory system
Larynx, trachea, bronchi, lungs
Functionally consists of 2 parts:
Conducting zone
Respiratory zone
consists of a series of interconnecting cavities and tubes both outside and within the lungs.
Conducting zone
Where the main sites of gas exchange between air and blood.
Respiratory zone
intake of O2 for delivery to body cells and removal of CO2 produced by body
cells.
Provides for gas exchange
Helps regulate…?
Blood pH
Contains receptors for…?
sense of smell, filters inspired air, produces vocal sounds (phonation), and
excretes small amounts of water
and heat.
specialized organ at the entrance of the respiratory system
Nose
The nose consists of?
external portion (external nose)
internal portion called the nasal cavity (internal nose).
portion of the nose visible on the face
External Nose
area between the eyebrows; superior attachment of the nose
Root
bony framework of the nose
Bridge
anterior margin
Dorsum Nasi
tip of the nose
Apex
external openings
Nostrils/Nares
form the bony framework of
the external nose
frontal bone, nasal bones, and maxillae
consists of several pieces of hyaline cartilage connected to each other and certain skull bones by fibrous connective tissue.
cartilaginous framework of the external nose
forms the anterior portion of the nasal septum.
Septal nasal cartilage
inferior to the nasal bones
Lateral nasal cartilages
form a portion of the walls of the nostrils.
Alar cartilages
The interior structures of the external nose have three functions:
- warming, moistening, and filtering incoming air
- detecting olfactory stimuli
- modifying speech vibrations
refers to prolonging, amplifying, or modifying a sound by vibration.
Resonance
- lies inferior to the nasal bone and superior to the oral cavity
- it is lined with muscle and mucous membrane
Nasal Cavity
divides the nasal cavity into right and left sides.
Nasal septum
Anterior Portion of the nasal septum
hyaline cartilage
drain mucus and serve as resonating chambers for sound as we speak or sing
Paranasal sinuses
drain tears and open into the nasal cavity
Pasolacrimal ducts
the remainder of nasal septum is formed by ?
the vomer and the perpendicular plate of the ethmoid, maxillae, and palatine bones
lateral walls of the internal nose are formed by?
ethmoid, maxillae, lacrimal, palatine, and inferior nasal conchae bones
also forms the roof.
Ethmoid bone and sphenoid bones
help to keep the vestibule and nasal cavity patent, that is, open or unobstructed.
bony and cartilaginous framework of the nose
nasal cavity is divided into
larger, inferior respiratory region and a smaller, superior olfactory region.
The respiratory region is lined goblet cells, which is frequently called
respiratory epithelium
formed anteriorly by the hard palate and posteriorly, by the soft palate.
Floor
is lined with skin containing sebaceous and sweat glands and numerous hair follicles.
Nasal vestibule
filter coarse particles.
Nose hairs or vibrissae
2 TYPES OF MUCOUS:
Olfactory and respiratory/nasal mucosa
houses smell receptors
Olfactory mucosa
a pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium, containing goblet cells that secretes mucus to moisten the air and trap dust particles
Respiratory mucosa
move the mucus and trapped particles toward the pharynx for removal.
Cilia
3MUCOSA-COVERED PROJECTIONS:
> Superior nasal conchae
Middle nasal conchae
Inferior nasal conchae
openings or passages
Meatus
make up the olfactory epithelium. It contains cilia but no goblet cells.
olfactory receptor cells, supporting cells, and basal cells
How long is pharynx?
13cm (5inch) long
the most inferior cartilage of the larynx
Pharynx
connects the nasal cavity and mouth superiorly to the larynx and esophagus inferiorly.
Pharynx
passageway for air and food and houses tonsils
Pharynx
provides a resonating chamber for speech sounds
Pharynx
participate in immunological reactions against foreign invaders.
Tonsils
serves only as an air passageway lined with pseudostratified ciliated columnar epithelium that propels mucus.
Nasopharynx
lies posterior to the oral cavity serving as a passageway for both air and swallowed food lined with nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Oropharynx
its inferior end opens into the esophagus (food tube) posteriorly and the larynx (voice box) anteriorly. Like the oropharynx, it is both a respiratory and a digestive pathway and is lined by nonkeratinized stratified squamous epithelium.
Laryngopharynx
two layers of pharynx
> outer circular layer
inner longitudinal layer.
- superior portion of the pharynx
- lies posterior to the nasal cavity and extends to the soft palate.
nasopharynx
- forms the posterior portion of the roof of the mouth
- arch-shaped muscular partition between the nasopharynx and oropharynx that is lined by mucous membrane.
Soft palate
What are the five openings?
> two internal nares
two openings that lead into the auditory (pharyngotympanic)tubes (commonly known as the eustachian tubes)
opening into the oropharynx.
posterior wall of the nasopharynx contains?
Pharyngeal tonsil
- lies posterior to the oral cavity and extends from the soft palate inferiorly
to the level of the hyoid bone.
Oropharynx
The only one opening of the oropharynx that is the opening of the mounth
Faucets
Two pairs of tonsils, the palatine and
lingual tonsils, are found in the?
Oropharynx
inferior portion of the pharynx
Laryngopharynx
The inferior end of laryngopharynx it opens to what? (2 openings)
> opens into the esophagus (food tube) posteriorly
the larynx (voice box) anteriorly.
lighten the skull, and help to warm and moisten the air.
Paranasal sinuses
Cricoid cartilage is attach to the first ring of cartilage of the trachea by the?
cricotracheal ligament
two tonsils of oropharynx
Palatine
lingual tonsils
1 opening of laryngopharynx
opening leading to larynx
Obtain energy
Metabolism
More oxygen = ?
Healthy weight loss and proper muscle function
Deprived oxygen results in?
painful muscles
Deprived oxygen
Kreb cycle
The endocrine system with respiratory system makes?
Angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)
a.) …..? catalize formation of hormones namely b)….? from c)…..?
A. Angiotensin-converting enzyme
B. Angiotensin II
C. Angiotensin I
Defense mechanism on nose
Cilia
Defense mechanism ln trachea
Mucus membrane on trachea
Defense mechanism on pharynx
Tonsils
Promotes flow of lymph
Respiratory pump
The forceful contraction of respiratory muscles can assist in?
defacation
More carbon dioxide results in?
more acidic blood
Provides oxygen to developing fetus
Internal respiration
Cell that is responsible for gas exchange?
Type 1 alveolar cells or pneumocyte
Productiomn of surfactant
Type 2 alveolar cells
Filtering, warming, and moistening air
Conducting zone
Surrounds apex
Alar
Produce mucus
Goblet cells
5 paranasal sinuses:
Frontal, ethmoid, sphenoid, nasal, maxillary sinuses
5 sinuses have?
pseudo stratified ciliated columnar epithelium with goblet cells
Nasopharynx have?
Pseudo Stratified ciliated columnar epithelum
Osopharynx have?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
Laryngopharynx have?
Non-keratinized stratified squamous epithelium
