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PHARM > UPPER RESPIRATORY DRUGS > Flashcards

UPPER RESPIRATORY DRUGS Flashcards

1
Q

What is the primary purpose of antitussives?

A

Controls a nonproductive cough

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2
Q

Benzonatate (antitussive)

A

Local anesthetic on the respiratory tract. Not centrally active. Works directly on the throat. Non opioid.

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3
Q

What is the mechanism of action of opioid antitussives?

A

They act on the medullary cough center of the brain to suppress cough reflex

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4
Q

Fill in the blank: Codeine and hydrocodone are ______ antitussives.

A

Opioid

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5
Q

Antitussives (Caution)

A

History of narcotic addiction, and if they need to be alert

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6
Q

What are the potential side effect of antitussives?

A

-drying effect on the mucus membranes
-G.I. upset
-possible respiratory depression

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7
Q

Antitussives (Interactions)

A

-MAOIs
-opioids/CNS depressants (like alcohol)

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8
Q

What is the recommended age for using antitussives?

A

Over 4 years old

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9
Q

Fill in the blank: Antitussives are contraindicated in patients who ______

A

Need to cough to maintain the airway

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10
Q

Antitussives (Contraindications)

A

-head injury
-impaired central nervous system
-serious, respiratory conditions like asthma and emphysema

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11
Q

Which antitussive is commonly used to treat cough associated with upper respiratory infections?

A

Dextromethorphan

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12
Q

True or False: Antitussives can be used to treat cough caused by asthma.

A

False

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13
Q

What is the primary goal of antitussive therapy?

A

To improve quality of life by reducing cough frequency and severity. However, do not take longer than prescribed or as needed.

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14
Q

Fill in the blank: Antitussives work by suppressing the _______ reflex.

A

Cough

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15
Q

What is the primary mechanism of action of topical nasal decongestants?

A

Vasoconstriction of blood vessels in the nasal mucosa.
Decreased edema and inflammation

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16
Q

True or False: Topical nasal decongestants are commonly used to treat nasal congestion and relieve middle ear pressure

A

True

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17
Q

Topical nasal decongestants (Drug names)

A

“Zoline”

-oxymetazoline
-tetrahydrozoline
-xylometazoline

Also phenylephrine

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18
Q

What is a common side effect of topical nasal decongestants if used for more than 3-5 days?

A

Rebound congestion

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19
Q

Fill in the blank: Topical nasal decongestants should not be used with ________.

A

Other sympathomimetic drugs

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20
Q

Which topical nasal decongestant is known for its longer duration of action compared to others?

A

Oxymetazoline

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21
Q

Topical nasal decongestions implementation

A

Don’t take drug longer than one week

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22
Q

True or False: Topical nasal decongestants are safe for use in pregnant women.

A

No established safety

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23
Q

topical nasal decongestions (Caution)

A

-lesion or erosion of the mucous membranes
-Condition that might be exacerbated by sympathetic activity

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24
Q

Which patient population should use caution when using topical nasal decongestants due to an increased risk of side effects?

A

Elderly individuals and children

25
Q

Which topical nasal decongestant is commonly used in combination products for cold and flu relief?

A

Phenylephrine

26
Q

What is the primary purpose of oral decongestants?

A

Shrink the nasal mucus membrane by stimulating the alpha-adrenergic receptors, and the nasal mucus membranes. Promotion of drainage in the sinuses and improving airflow.

27
Q

True or False: Oral decongestants are commonly used to treat allergic rhinitis, common cold, sinusitis

A

True

28
Q

Which class of medications do oral decongestants belong to?

A

Sympathomimetics

29
Q

What is the common side effect of oral decongestants?

A

-rebound congestion
-sympathetic effects

30
Q

Which population should use oral decongestants with caution due to the risk of adverse effects?

A

Patients with hypertension and or any condition that might be exacerbated by sympathetic activity

31
Q

What is the common brand name for pseudoephedrine, a popular oral decongestant?

A

Sudafed

32
Q

True or False: Oral decongestants are effective in treating viral infections such as the common cold.

A

False

33
Q

Oral decongestants (Drug names)

A

“-rine”
-pseudoephedrine
-phenylephrine

34
Q

Oral decongestants (Interactions)

A

Other over-the-counter products that contain these drugs.

35
Q

What is the main difference between oral decongestants and nasal decongestants?

A

Oral decongestants work systemically to constrict blood vessels throughout the body, while nasal decongestants act locally to constrict blood vessels in the nasal passages.

36
Q

Steroid nasal decongestants (drug names)

A

“-one” or “-ide”
-beclomethasone
-fluticasone
-triamcinolone

-budesonide
-flunisolide

37
Q

Steroid nasal decongestants (therapeutic actions)

A

-blocks inflammatory response to relieve inflammation
-Minimal system absorption
-exact mechanism of action is not known
-takes one to three weeks to be effective

38
Q

Steroid nasal decongestants (indications)

A

-seasonal allergic rhinitis
-Nasal congestion
-Inflammation after the removal of nasal polyps

39
Q

steroid nasal decongestants (contraindications)

A

-acute infection
-Recent nasal surgery or trauma

40
Q

Steroid nasal decongestants (caution)

A

Active infection

41
Q

Common adverse effects in steroid nasal decongestants

A

-local burning, irritation, stinging and dryness of mucosa
-Headache
-Suppression of healing

42
Q

Antihistamines (drug names)

A

“-amine” and “-ine”
-diphenhydramine
-hydroxyzine
-meclizine
-promethazine
-azelastine
-loraradine

43
Q

Antihistamines (therapeutic action)

A

-blocks release or action of histamine at histamine -1 receptor sites
-decreases allergic response
-anticholinergic and antipruritic effects
-first generation: greater anticholinergic effects
-second generation: less sedating

Administer on an empty stomach to increase absorption. Most effective before onset of symptoms.

44
Q

Antihistamines (indications)

A

-allergic rhinitis and conjunctivitis
-urticaria
-angioedema

45
Q

Antihistamines (caution)

A

-Renal or hepatic impairment
-History of arrhythmias or prolonged QT interval

46
Q

Antihistamines (interactions)

A

-vary based on the drug
-CNS depressants
-Any drug that increases QT intervals

47
Q

Common adverse effects of antihistamines

A

-drowsiness, sedation
-anticholinergic: respiratory, skin, G.I./GU

48
Q

Expectorants (drug names)

A

-Guaifenesin

49
Q

expectorants (therapeutic actions)

A

-enhances the output of respiratory tract fluids by reducing the adhesiveness and surface tension of these fluids, allowing easier movement of less vicious secretions

50
Q

Expectorants (indications)

A

-Increase productive cough to expel mucus to clear the airway, thereby relieving respiratory congestion
-infections include the common cold, bronchitis, and pneumonia

51
Q

Expectorants (caution)

A

-persistent cough. Could be an underlying problem.

52
Q

Common adverse effects of expectorants

A

-G.I. symptoms
-Headache, dizzy
-mild rash
-Prolonged use may mask serious underlying condition

53
Q

Mucolytics (drug names)

A

-acetylcysteine
-dornase alfa

54
Q

Mucolytics (therapeutic actions)

A

-work to break down mucus in order to aid the high-risk, respiratory patient and coughing up thick tenacious secretions.

55
Q

Mucolytics (indications)

A

-patient who has difficulty coughing up secretions
-Patients who develop atelectasis
-postoperative patient
-Patient undergoing diagnostic bronchoscopy
-Patient with tracheostomies
-Illnesses, such as COPD, cystic fibrosis, pneumonia, and TB

56
Q

Mucolytics (caution)

A

Asthma

57
Q

Common adverse effects of mucolytics

A

-G.I. upset
-stomatitis
-rhinorrhea
-bronchospasm
-Rash

58
Q

Implementation of mucolytics

A

-Do not combine a nebulizer for it prevents precipitation
-wipe face and mask with water after nebulizer to prevent skin breakdown

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