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Respiratory > Upper Respiratory anatomy > Flashcards

Upper Respiratory anatomy Flashcards

1
Q

What is another name for the bridge of the nose?

A

-Dorsum

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2
Q

What is the purpose of the hairs in the nose?

A

-To filter particles

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3
Q

What is significant about the venous plexuses in the nose?

A

-Venous plexuses on each side swell alternately to alternate airflow and prevent overdrying

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4
Q

What are the functions of the nose?

A
  • Fliter, humidfy and warm air
  • Organ of smell
  • Receive local secretions (nasolacrimal duct and sinuses)
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5
Q

What are concha (turbinates) and how many in the nose?

A
  • Bony projections on lateral wall which increase SA in order to humidify, mix and increase temperature of air
  • 3; superior, middle and inferior
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6
Q

What lies below the turbinates?

A

-Corresponding meatus

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7
Q

What epithelia lines the nasal cavity? What is its speciality?

A
  • Pseudostratified, ciliated epithelia with goblet cells

- Goblet cells produce mucus to moisten and trap particles

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8
Q

What is olfactory mucosa?

A

-Thick pseudostratified epithelia with bipolar neurones and cilia used for smell

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9
Q

What are paranasal sinuses? Name them and their location

A
  • Hollows lined by respiratory epithelium
  • Frontal sinus (superior to nose between brows)
  • Ethmoid sinus (lateral side of nose)
  • Maxillary sinus (cheek bones near nose)
  • Sphenoid sinus (lies behind nose near pituitary)
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10
Q

What are the three sections of the pharynx? Where are they?

A
  • Nasopharynx (nose to hard palette)
  • Oropharynx(soft palette to epiglottis)
  • Laryngopharynx (below epiglottis)
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11
Q

What is the clinical significance of the eustachian tube and the pharynx?

A

-The connection to the middle ear means that URTI can cause ear infection

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12
Q

What is the glottis?

A

-2 vocal cords and the opening between them

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13
Q

What moves the vocal cords?

A

-Intrinsic laryngeal muscles

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14
Q

What are the false vocal cords?

A

-Vocal cords which lie above the true vocal cords

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15
Q

To what are the true vocal cords attached?

A

-Arytenoid cartilage

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16
Q

What is another name for the wing of the nose?

A

-Alar

17
Q

What is the result of damage to the recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A

-Paralysis of vocal cords on affected side

18
Q

The recurrent laryngeal nerve is a branch of the…

A

…vagus nerve

19
Q

Where do the right and left recurrent laryngeal nerves loop?-

A
  • Left under aortic arch

- Right under right subclavian artery

20
Q

What are common causes of damage to left recurrent laryngeal nerve?

A
  • Lung tumour

- Aortic aneurysm

21
Q

Describe the position of the vocal cords during respiration and swallowing

A
  • open during resp

- closed during swallowing

22
Q

What makes up the vocal cords?

A

-Vocalis muscle and vocal ligament

23
Q

Where are the vocal cords?

A

-Larynx

24
Q

Describe the position of the vocal cords during cough reflex and why?

A
  • Initially closed then open

- Breathing out against closed vocal cords increases pressure in lungs to generate the cough

25
Q

How is speech produced?

A

-Vocal cords partially closed during speech and vibrations modified by the mouth

26
Q

Name 3 causes of laryngeal obstruction

A
  • Oedema (anaphylaxis/severe infections)
  • Tumours
  • Aspiration of foreign body
27
Q

Name a common cause of pharyngeal obstruction

A

-Tongue in unconscious person

28
Q

What happens in sleep apneoa?

A
  • Decreased pharyngeal muscle tone during sleep

- Muscles become floppy and obstruct

29
Q

Describe the distribution of cartilage in the resp tract

A
  • Trachea -> C shaped rings
  • Bronchi -> Rings
  • 2 and 3 Bronchioles -> cresents
  • Terminal bronchioles -> none
30
Q

What holds open terminal bronchioles?

A

-Surrounding alveoli

31
Q

What is emphysema?

A

-Desctruction of elastin due to smoking/a1-antitrypsin deficiency
-Destruction of alveoli leads to collapse of terminal bronchioles
-Exhalation becomes difficult and air becomes trapped in alveoli
(barrel chest and purse lip breathing)

32
Q

At what point is there a change in epithelia in the respiratory tract? What is this change?

A
  • Psudostratified ciliated with goblet cells down to bronchioles
  • Simple cuboidal cells with clara cells to alveolar ducts
  • Simple squamous cells with type 2 pneumocytes in alveoli
33
Q

What is the function of bowmans glands in the nose?

A

-Flush odours from the surface

34
Q

What is the function of clara cells?

A

-Secretes surfactant and clara cell protein

35
Q

What secretes surfactant in the alveoli?

A

-Type II pneumocytes

Respiratory (17 decks)

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