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Respiratory > Anatomy of respiratory system > Flashcards

Anatomy of respiratory system Flashcards

1
Q

Which ribs are connected to the sternum and how?

A

-ribs 1-7 by costal cartilage (true ribs)

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2
Q

How are ribs 8-12 connected?

A
  • Ribs 8-10 are connected to costal cartilage above

- Ribs 11-12 are floating ribs -> end free in abdo muscles

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3
Q

Where is the costal margin?

A

-The arch made by ribs 8-12

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4
Q

Which ribs are considered typical? Describe them

A
  • 3-9
  • Two articular facets on the head
  • Tubercle on the inferior neck
  • Costal groove runs along inferior surface
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5
Q

Describe rib 1

A

-Shortest, broadest and most curved with single facet at head

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6
Q

Describe ribs 11 and 12

A
  • Single facet on head
  • No tubercle
  • Tapering end
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7
Q

What are the two costovertebral joints?

A
  • Joint of the head of the rib (articulates with same level vertebrae and superior)
  • Costo-transverse joint
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8
Q

In which direction do the upper ribs move?

A

-Anterio-posterior (increase saggital diameter)

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9
Q

In which direction do the lower ribs move?

A

-To increase transverse diameter

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10
Q

How many muscles does each intercostal space contain? Name them

A
  • 3
  • Innermost
  • Internal
  • External
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11
Q

Which way do the external intercostal muscle fibres run? What does contraction of these muscles cause?

A
  • Downwards and anterior

- Elevation of ribs

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12
Q

Which way do the internal intercostal muscle fibres run? What does contraction of these muscles cause?

A
  • Downwards and posteriorly

- Pull down the ribs during forced expiration

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13
Q

Which way do the innermost intercostal muscle fibres run? where do they lie? What does contraction of these muscles cause?

A
  • Downwards and posterior
  • Lie laterally
  • Depression of ribs during forced expiration
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14
Q

Do the intercostal muscle go from spine to sternum?

A

-No the internal end before the spine and the external end close to costal cartilage

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15
Q

What runs in the costal groove?

A

-Neurovascular bundle (runs between internal and innermost) (Collaterals at upper border)

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16
Q

What nerves run in the costal grooves? What do they serve?

A
  • Anterior rami of thoracic spinal nerves t1-t12

- Intercostal muscles, parietal pleura and overlying skin

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17
Q

Where does the posterior intercostal artery arise from?

A

-Abdominal aorta

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18
Q

Where does the anterior intercostal artery arise from?

A

-Internal thoracic artery which arises from subclavian

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19
Q

Where does the venous drainage from the thoracic wall go?

A
  • Azygous system -> SVC

- Some into internal thoracic vein

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20
Q

Where do the muscle fibres of the diaphragm insert?

A

-Central Tendon

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21
Q

What happens during contraction of the diaphragm?

A

-Descent of diaphragm accounting for 70% of chest expansion in quiet respiration

22
Q

What are the openings in the diaphragm?

A
  • T8-vena cava
  • T10 -> Oesophagus
  • T12 -> Aortic haitus (aorta)
23
Q

How does the pleura relate to the diaphragm?

A

-Surrounds the upper convexity

24
Q

Describe the relationship between the lungs and the liver

A

-The liver extends upto 5th rib and is overlapped by the lungs and pleura

25
Q

Describe the surface anatomy of domes of the diaphragm during expiration

A
  • Right dome 5th rib MCL

- Left dome 5th ICS MCL

26
Q

Describe the nerve supply of the diaphragm

A

-Phrenic nerve (C3C4C5)

27
Q

Describe sensory innervation of phrenic nerve

A
  • Pericardium
  • Diaphragm
  • Mediastinal parietal pleura
28
Q

What muscles are involved in quiet inspiration?

A
  • External intercostals

- Diaphragm

29
Q

What muscles are involved in forced inspiration?

A
  • Pec major
  • Serratus anterior
  • scalene
  • Sternocleidomastoid
30
Q

Why might someone lock their arms in order to breath?

A

-Fixing the arms makes pec major solely expand chest

31
Q

What muscles are involved in quiet expiration?

A

-None, it is passive using elastic recoil of the chest wall and lungs

32
Q

What muscles are involved in forced expiration?

A
  • Internal and innermost intercostals

- Anterior abdominal muscles

33
Q

Name the 4 parts of the parietal pleura

A
  • Cervical
  • Mediastinal
  • Costal
  • Diaphragmatic
34
Q

What is the pleural seal?

A
  • film of fluid covers the pleural surfaces
  • surface tension between these molecules resists the surfaces being pulled apart thus when the thorax expands the visceral pleura and lung expand with it
35
Q

What is the costodiaphragmatic recess?

A

-Pleural lined gutter which surrounds the upwards convexity of the diaphragm which is not occupied by lung

36
Q

State the margins of the trachea

A
  • Lower border of cricoid cartilage

- Division of right and left main bronchi at carina (t4/t5)

37
Q

Where is the trachialis muscle?

A

-Posterior of trachea

38
Q

Why might a carina be widened?

A

-enlarged tracheo-bronchial nodes

39
Q

Why are you more likely to aspirate into right bronchi?

A

-Straight line so easily accessible

40
Q

How many lobar bronchi on the left and right?

A
  • 3 on right (Upper middle and lower) (3 lobes)

- 2 on left (upper and lower) (2 lobes)

41
Q

What do lobar bronchi split into?

A

-Segmental bronchi

42
Q

What is a bronchopulmonary segment? Why is this beneficial?

A
  • An area of lung supplied by its own segmental bronchus and segmental branches of pulmonary artery and vein
  • Surgically significant as a segment can be removed without damage to others
43
Q

Describe the right lung

A

-3 Lobes separated by horizontal and oblique fissure

44
Q

Describe the left lung

A
  • 2 Lobes separated by an oblique fissure

- Lingula is an area on the left upper lobe which corresponds to the right middle lobe

45
Q

What is the clinical significant of the apex of the lung extending into the root of the neck?

A
  • Apical lung tumours may involve structures in the root of the neck eg brachial plexus (esp. medial cord), subclavian vessels or sympathetic trunk
  • Subclavian vein cannulation may damage lung -> pneumothorax
46
Q

What is the hilum of the lung?

A

-Indentation where pulmonary vessels, main bronchus, nerves and lymphatics enter and leave the lung

47
Q

Describe the anterior, middle and posterior areas of mediastinum

A
  • All from thoracic inlet to lower border of T4
  • Anterior between sternum and pericardium
  • Posterior between verterbral bodies and pericardium
  • Middle in between
48
Q

Describe the surface markings of the pleura

A
  • From apex down behind sternoclavicular joint to meet each other near midline behind sternal angle
  • Passes down to 4th rib
  • Right continues down to 6
  • left deviates laterally to edge of sternum then down to 6th rib
  • Both then deviate laterally to rib 8 MCL
  • then 10 mid axillary line
  • then 12 medial scapular
49
Q

Describe the surface markings of the lungs

A
  • Follows pleura to rib 6 where it goes to MCL
  • Rib 8 mid axillary line
  • Rib 10 scapular line
50
Q

What three areas make the sternum?

A
  • Manubrium
  • Body
  • Xiphoid process

Respiratory (17 decks)

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