Upper Respiratory Flashcards
Which sinuses don’t develop until 8-10 years old?
frontal sinuses
What is pharyngitis? What are common sx for viral pharyngitis?
inflammation of the pharynx w/ resulting sore throat; common sx include coryza (inflamed mucus membrane), fatigue, hoarseness, and low-grade fever
What type of bacterial causes pharyngitis (strep throat)? What are the common sx?
group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus (streptococcus pyogenes); sx include sore throat, HA, fatigue, fever, body aches, and nausea
Highest likelihood of streptococcal pharyngitis (strep throat) if…
- children 5-15
- winter and early spring seasons
- absence of cough
- tender anterior cervical lymphadenopathy
- tonsillar exudate
- fever
Describe location of 3 types of ear infections (otitis)
- middle (air filled space behind eardrum) -> acute otitis media (AOM)
- outer (outer ear canal) -> otitis externa
- inner (inner ear structures) -> labyrinthitis (causes hearing loss and vertigo)
Describe the 3 types of acute otitis media (AOM)
- acute OM -> caused by bacteria or virus
- acute suppurative OM -> purulent material in middle ear
- OM w/ effusion -> inflammation and fluid buildup w/o infection
When is otitis media considered chronic? Describe 2 types
- chronic when present more than 6 weeks
- Chronic OM w/ effusion -> when fluid remains in the middle ear w/o infection
- Chronic suppurative OM -> persistent infection that results in tearing or perforation of eardrum
What is Otosclerosis? What are the 2 types?
- abnormal bone growth around stapes bone associated w/ hearing loss at ages 10-30
- conductive loss -> ossicle sclerosis into single immovable mass
- sensory loss -> otic capsule sclerosis
Describe the Weber test
tuning fork placed on pt’s forehead
Normal: midline and equal hearing
Conductive loss: lateralized to affected side
Sensorineural loss: lateralized to side opposite affected ear
Describe the Rinne test
tuning fork placed on mastoid bone behind ear; when pt no longer hears it, place it next to ear
Normal: AC > BC
Conductive loss: BC > AC
Name some causes of conductive hearing loss
cerumen impaction, middle ear fluid, trauma, obstruction
Name some causes of sensorineural hearing loss
hereditary, MS, trauma, ototoxic drugs, barotrauma
What is rhinosinusitis/sinusitis? What are the sx of it?
mucosal lining of paranasal sinuses and nasal cavity become inflamed; sx include nasal discharge, cough, sneezing, congestion, fever, HA, facial pressure
What are both infections and noninfectious causes of sinusitis?
Infectious: rhinovirus, influenza virus, and streptococcus pneumoniae
Non-infectious: dental infections, sinus surgery, NG tubes, immunodeficiency, obstruction
What causes suspicion of acute bacterial sinusitis?
double sickening (initially getting better than getting worse), purulent rhinorrhea, and elevated ESR; suspected when sx last at least 10 days without improvement
What is croup? How will these pts present?
swelling of the larynx, trachea, and bronchi which causes inspiratory stridor and barking cough in children 6 months to 3 years; present w/ fever, nasal flaring, respiratory retractions, and stridor
What is epiglottis? How will these pts present?
inflammation of the epiglottis and adjacent structures; pt will have rapid onset of sore throat, muffled voice and drooling; will also present w/ high-grade fever and a toxic appearance
What are common causes of eustachian tube dysfunction? What can this cause?
flu, sinus infection, or allergies; can cause vertigo
What is benign paroxysmal positional vertigo (BPPV)?
sudden sensation of spinning usually triggered by specific changes in position of your head
What is vestibular neuritis?
inflammation of nerve that’s associated w/ balance; results in vertigo but no change in hearing
What is Meniere’s disease?
disorder of the inner ear that causes episodes of vertigo along w/ fluctuating hearing loss, tinnitus, and feeling of fullness or pressure in your ear
Which sinuses don’t develop until ages 8-10?
frontal sinuses
Which sinuses don’t develop until ages 8-10?
frontal sinuses
What is the whisper test?
doctor stands behind pt w/ one ear occluded and whispers combo of letters/numbers to pt
Describe each of the following: aphthous ulcers, cheilitis, gingivitis, and torus palantinus
- aphthous ulcers: canker sores
- cheilitis: B12 or iron deficiency; red cracks at corners of mouth
- gingivitis: swelling/ulceration of gums
- torus palantinus: benign lump on hard palate
