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Pathology > Upper Resp Tract Disorders > Flashcards

Upper Resp Tract Disorders Flashcards

1
Q

Cause of Acute Rhinitis

A

Adenoviruses

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2
Q

When do symptoms start in acute rhinitis?

A

1-3 days

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3
Q

Clinical pictures of Acute rhinitis

A

Runny nose, sneezing, nasal congestion, mild sore throat

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4
Q

Course of the dx

Acute rhinitis

A

Self limiting 5-10 days

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5
Q

Cause of Allergic Rhinitis

A

igE type 1 immune reaction

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6
Q

Physiological involvement in allergic rhinitis

A

of mucosal and submucosal mast cells

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7
Q

Findings in peripheral blood & nasal discharge in allergic rhinitis

A

increase in eosinophils

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8
Q

Allergic rhinitis is also known as

A

Hay fever

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9
Q

Super-infection on acute viral or allergic rhinitis

A

Bacterial infection of the upper resp tract

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10
Q

Causes of Bacterial infection of the upper resp tract

A

strep. staph. and influnz

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11
Q

Macro\microscopic features of bacterial infection

A

Fibrous scarring
Atrophy of epithelium and mucous glands
Decreased vascularity

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12
Q

Common condition characterised by
inflammation and swelling of the sinuses for at least
12 weeks, despite treatment attempts

A

Chronic Sinusitis

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13
Q

Epidemiology of Chronic Sinusitis

A

young and middle aged adults

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14
Q

Cause of Chronic Sinusitis

A

Infections or nasal polyps in the sinuses or a
deviated nasal septum

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15
Q

Pathogenesis of Chronic Sinusitis

A

Obstruction of drainage outlets from
the sinuses → Accumulation of mucoid secretions or
exudate

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16
Q

Symptoms of Chronic Sinusitis

A

Thick, discoloured discharge from the nose or drainage down the back of the throat (postnasal drainage)
Nasal obstruction or congestion, causing difficulty
breathing through nose
Pain, tenderness and swelling around the eyes, cheeks, nose or forehead
Reduced sense of smell and taste in adults or cough in children
Ear pain
Aching in the upper jaw and teeth
Cough that might worsen at night
Sore throat
Bad breath (halitosis)
Fatigue or irritability
Nausea

17
Q

How many symptoms need to be present to diagnose with chronic sinusitis?

A

2 of the 4 primary

18
Q

In which form of sinusitis can fever be present?

A

Acute Sinusitis

19
Q

Acute inflammation of the larynx

A

Laryngitis

20
Q

Cause of laryngitis

A

Inhalation of irritants, allergic reactions,
viruses, bacteria, voice overuse

21
Q

Clinical signs of laryngitis

A

Inflammation and oedema of the vocal cords → Hoarseness

22
Q

Consequence of protracted active Tbc; Infected sputum is coughed up

A

Tuberculous Laryngitis

23
Q

Causes of diptheritic laryngitis

A

Corynebacterium diphtheriae

24
Q

Pathogenesis of diptheritic laryngitis

A

Inhalation of Corynebacterium diphtheriae → Implantation on the upper-airways’ mucosa → Release of exotoxin → Necrosis of the epithelium → Dense fibrino-purulent exudate

25
Q

Clinical signs of diphtheritic laryngitis

A

Tonsils & Pharynx:
Sore throat, low fever, malaise, dysphagia
“Bull-neck” appearance with a distinct collar of
swelling & lymphadenopathy
Larynx: Symptoms similar to laryngotracheobronchitis; Initially hoarseness → Loss of voice & severe respiratory tract obstruction
Skin: Pain, tenderness & erythema → Ulcers with
sharply defined borders & brownish-grey membrane

26
Q

Complications of diphtheritic laryngitis

A

Sloughing and aspiration of the pseudo-membrane
→ Obstruction of major airways
Absorption of bacterial exotoxins → Myocarditis,
peripheral neuropathy

27
Q

Acute inflammation of the epiglottis

A

Acute epiglottitis

28
Q

Epidemiology of acute epiglottitis

A

young children

29
Q

Cause of acute epiglottitis

A

Haemophilus inluenzae

30
Q

Clinical of acute epiglottitis

A

Pain & airway obstruction

31
Q

Prognosis of acute epiglottitis

A

Failure to appreciate the need to maintain
an open airway for a child → Life-threatening
condition with fatal consequences

32
Q

Inflammation of the larynx, trachea and epiglottis

A

Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis

33
Q

Cause of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis in children

A

Parainfluenza virus

34
Q

Cause of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis in adults

A

Resp. synciytial virus

35
Q

Clinical features of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis

A

Harsh persistent cough inspiratory stridor

36
Q

Complications of Acute Laryngotracheobronchitis

A

Laryngeal inflammatory reaction → Prominent airway narrowing → Respiratory failure
Secondary bacterial infection (Staphylococci, Streptococci, H. influenzae) of upper respiratory tract

37
Q

What sound do people with Acute. laryngotracheobronchitis have when they cough?

A

Crowing sound

Pathology (26 decks)

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