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Neurobio Final > Upper motor control - Part I > Flashcards

Upper motor control - Part I Flashcards

1
Q

Why is yawning infectious?

A

mirror neurons

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2
Q

What is motor control?

A

process of initiating, directing and grading purposeful volitional movement

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3
Q

Muscle spindle and other sensory systems will feedback if performing motions as …

A

Planned or not, if you dont, readjust

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4
Q

Order from brain go to ________ ________ system, to fine motor control and limb movement

A

postural control

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5
Q

What is closed loop or bottom up model?

A

1,2,3,4
- sensory in, motor out
- ex. see ball, make decision to kick it

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6
Q

What is open loop or top down model?

A

a,b,c,d
- decision from CNS gets out as motor
- NO SENSORY
- ex. reach for water bottle without seeing it / looking up at it

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7
Q

What are reflexes?

A

sensory in, directly motion out
- ex. patellar reflex, DTRs
- withdrawal reflex when touching something hot, withdrawal hand without thinking about it

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8
Q

What are central patter generators?

A
  • prewritten APPs in brain stem and spinal cord
  • walking/gait pattern in written in spinal cord, can cut at medulla and still walk normally
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9
Q

What are the 4 levels of hierarchical motor control?

A
  1. spinal cord
  2. brainstem
  3. motor cortex
  4. association cortex
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10
Q

What is contained in level two of motor control?

A

brainstem
- red nucleus (rubtospinal tract)
- reticular formation
- vestibular nuclei
- tectum
- pontine nuclei
- inferior olive

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11
Q

What is contained in level 3 of motor control?

A

Motor Cortex
- Primary motor cortex
- premotor cortex
- supplementary motor area

  • unimodal, Brodmann Area 6
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12
Q

Can lower levels of the hierarchical motor control control higher levels?

A

NO

  • higher can control lower but not reverse
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13
Q

What is the LMN in the spinal cord medial to lateral orientation?

A

trunk to extremity

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14
Q

What is the LMN in the spinal cord anterior to posterior orientation?

A

extensors to flexors

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15
Q

What is the cerebral cortex (UMN in the brain) for?

A

extremity, skills/fine motor control

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16
Q

What is the brainstem (UMN in the brain) for?

A

trunk, gross motor control

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17
Q

What do level 3 and 4 of the motor control hierarchy mainly control?

A

extremities

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18
Q

most part of level 3 descend medially to _______

A

bilaterally, BOTH SIDES

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19
Q

What is within level 4 of motor control?

A
  • Cingulate motor area in the limbic system
  • posterior parietal cortex; Brodmann areas 5 and 7
  • Frontal eye field: Brodmann area 8
  • Language areas:
  • Broca’s area 44 and 45
  • Multimodal association cortex
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20
Q

What Brodmann area does hand-eye coordination?

A

5 and 7
- posterior parietal cortex

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21
Q

Where are the 1st, 2nd, and 3rd order neurons located in the lateral spinothalamic tract?

A
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22
Q

Which thalamic nuclei does the C-fiber mediated diffuse pain project to?

A

intralaminal and centromedian nuclei

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23
Q

What are the 3 structures in the cingulate motor area in level 4 motor control that have connected functions of reciprocal projections?

A
  1. L dorsolateral prefrontal cortex
  2. Orbitofrontal cortex
    3, Cingulate motor area
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24
Q

What is the function of the Left dorsolateral prefrontal cortex?

A

motor planning and execution

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25
Q

What is the function of the orbitofrontal cortex?

A

collecting/summarizing motor results

26
Q

What ist he function of the cingulate motor area?

A
  • calculating the “reward” of a motion
  • emotion-related behaviors: reward-seeking or aversion

seeking the most reward with the least investment decides if we continue that motion

27
Q

What is the alternative motor control theory?

A

“investment and reward”
- most reward with least investment, basic principle for computer-brain interface

28
Q

What are the functions of posterior parietal cortex?

A
  • specialized area for hand reach/grasp: apraxia, L hemisphere
  • Saccadic eye movements
29
Q

What is the specialized area for hand reach/grasp also doing?

A
  • processing object size
  • orientation
  • hand matching (need whole hand, two fingers, etc to pick up the object)
30
Q

What do saccadic eye movements help with?

A

eye-hand coordination

31
Q

What does V1 detect?

A

lines only

32
Q

What does V2 detect?

A

shape of objects

33
Q

What does V4 detect?

34
Q

What detects the WHERE and HOW of visual pathways?

A

dorsal stream of visual pathways
- context and spatial representation of objects: WHERE
- Visuomotor transformations: HOW

35
Q

What detects the WHAT of visual pathways?

A

Ventral stream

36
Q

What are the functions of V1,2, and 4 and what are their pathways?

A

V1 only detects lines with different directions, integrated into V2, the unimodal association cortex where shapes are integrated, then projected to V4 for color. There are two pathways: ventral stream to the temporal lobe and dorsal stream to parietal lobe (posterior parietal cortex Bordmann area 5 and 7) to define where structures are in space

37
Q

Where does the ventral stream project?

A

temporal lobe

38
Q

Where does the dorsal stream project?

A

parietal lobe

  • brodmanns 5 and 7
39
Q

What brodmanns area is the unimodal association cortex?

40
Q

What is within the unimodal association cortex?

A
  • supplemental motor area (SMA)
  • premotor cortex (PM)
    > dorsal and ventral
41
Q

What is the primary motor cortex?

A

M1 - Brodmann area 4

42
Q

What are the functions of SMA in open loop top down?

A

Coordination of sequential tasks

  • deciding to do something without external stimuli
  • ex. play piano
43
Q

Where is the supplementary motor area?

A

Medial Brodmann area 6

44
Q

What are the major motor control functions for Brodmann areas 5 and 7?

A

Praxis
- ideational
- motor
- etc.

Hand-eye Coordination

45
Q

What does a simple motion?

A

unilateral M1/S1

46
Q

What if we do a simple motion with our left hand? What is activated?

A

Right M1 and S1 activated when left fingers touch or do a simple motion

47
Q

What does a complex motion activate?

A

Unilateral M1/S1 and bilateral SMA

48
Q

What if we do a complex motion with our left hand such as playing the piano, what is activated?

A
  • Left SMA, right M1 and S1 and SMA

SMA on both sides, right M1/S1

49
Q

What does iMAGERY of a complex motion activate?

A

bilateral SMA

50
Q

Why do we get post stroke flaccidity?

A
  • stroke compromises corticopontine tracts, which are connected to the cerebellum, which adjusts muscle tone; without control = muscles flaccid
51
Q

Where is the PM?

A

dorsal to ventral along Brodmann area 6

52
Q

What are the functions of PM in motor control?

A
  • preparation for movement
  • correct and incorrect actions
  • most concentration of mirror neurons
53
Q

What is context-dependent behavior ______ loop?

A

closed loop, bottom up

  • breakfast, heavy coffee cup if full, PMA more activated, if less heavy, less activation of PMA
54
Q

What kind of translator are mirror neurons?

A

sensory to motor

55
Q

Where are mirror neurons NOT located?

A

occipital lobe

56
Q

What is the sensorimotor pathway for somatic motor functions of mirror neurons for?

A
  • understanding the intention of the movement: learning
57
Q

What is the emotion pathway for visceral motor functions of mirror neurons?

A

self and social cognition

  • why we cry during movies, infectious emotion but only with experience
58
Q

What pathways do mirror neurons integrate?

A

sensorimotor pathway (Sm) and Emotion pathway (Vm)

59
Q

When are you daydreaming of skiing in my boring neurobiology course, which level 3 motor control centers are active?

A

bilateral SMA

60
Q

List out motor to sensory and sensory to motor translators in our bodies?

A
  • motor to sensory: muscle spindle
  • Sensory to motor: mirror neurons

Neurobio Final (9 decks)

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