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Anatomy > Upper Limb Clinical Correlates From Lecture > Flashcards

Upper Limb Clinical Correlates From Lecture Flashcards

1
Q

AC Joint Separation

A

injury to acromioclavicular ligament and/or coracoclavicular ligament(s)

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2
Q

Piano key sign is seen with ___

A

AC joint separation

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3
Q

Mechanism of injury for AC joint separation

A

fall on shoulder or outstretched hand

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4
Q

Mechanism of injury for clavicle fracture

A

fall on outstretched hand, directly on shoulder, or high impact accident

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5
Q

Most common location of clavicle fracture

A

between lateral and middle thirds of clavicle

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6
Q

Breast cancer usually involves the ___ lymph nodes

A

axillary nodes (pectoral, subscapular, apical, central, humeral)

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7
Q

Breast cancer in the lower medial quadrant of the breast will drain to the ___ nodes

A

parasternal

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8
Q

Winged scapula appears with an injury to the ___ (nerve), which affects the ___ (muscle)

A

long thoracic nerve; serratus anterior

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9
Q

Long thoracic nerve injury presentation

A

medial border and inferior angle of scapula pull away from the posterior thoracic wall, giving the scapula the appearance of a wing

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10
Q

Rotator cuff subacromial impingement cause

A

repeated abduction and flexion of the arm (throwing, swimming)

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11
Q

Rotator cuff muscle most commonly affected by subacromial impingement

A

supraspinatus

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12
Q

Risk factors for rotator cuff subacromial impingement

A

weak rotator cuff, hooked acromion, acromioclavicular osteoarthritis

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13
Q

Erb Duchenne Palsy occurs with an injury to ___

A

C5 and C6 (superior brachial plexus)

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14
Q

Erb Duchenne Palsy presentation

A

medially rotated and adducted arm, extended forearm, hand flexed behind back (waiter’s tip)

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15
Q

Nerves affected by Erb Duchenne Palsy (there are 6)

A
  • axillary
  • radial
  • musculocutaneous
  • suprascapular
  • dorsal scapular
  • long thoracic
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16
Q

Muscles affected by erb Duchenne Palsy (there 7 + 1 general category)

A
  • deltoid
  • teres minor
  • supraspinatus
  • infraspinatus
  • biceps brachii
  • brachialis
  • coracobrachialis
  • forearm extensors
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17
Q

Klumpke’s Palsy occurs with an injury to ___

A

C8 and T1 (inferior brachial plexus)

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18
Q

Klumpke’s Palsy mechanism of injury

A

hanging from your arm

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19
Q

Nerves affected in Klumpke’s Palsy (there are 3)

A
  • ulnar
  • medial brachial cutaneous
  • medial antebrachial cutaneous
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20
Q

Muscles affected in Klumpke’s Palsy

A

Muscles (and sensation) on the medial side of forearm and hand

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21
Q

Humeral surgical neck fracture can damage the ___ nerve and ___ artery (found in the ___ space)

A

axillary nerve and posterior circumflex artery; quadrangular space

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22
Q

Humeral surgical neck fracture presentation

A

inability to abduct arm, loss of sensation over lateral side of shoulder and proximal arm

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23
Q

Humeral spiral groove fracture can damage the ___ nerve and ___ artery (found in the ___ space)

A

radial nerve and deep brachial artery; lateral triangular space

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24
Q

Nursemaid’s Elbow is caused by ___, which causes the ___ to dislocate

A

a torn annular ligament; radial head

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25
Q

Nursemaid’s Elbow mechanism of injury

A

pulling a child up by the arm

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26
Q

How to fix Nursemaid’s Elbow

A

supinate the forearm and flex the elbow

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27
Q

Olecranon bursitis can be caused by

A

injury, repeated leaning on elbow, or infection

28
Q

Colles’ fracture is a(n) ___ fracture of the ___

A

extension fracture of the radius

29
Q

Colles’ fracture mechanism of injury

A

falling and landing on outstretched hands

30
Q

A dinner fork deformity is seen with a ___ fracture

A

Colles’ fracture

31
Q

Smith’s fracture is a(n) ___ fracture of the ___

A

flexion fracture of the radius

32
Q

Smith’s fracture mechanism of injury

A

falling and landing on a flexed wrist

33
Q

Why is a scaphoid fracture difficult to heal?

A

The radial artery comes into the wrist distal to the scaphoid bone, so the area is not very vascular –> heals slowly

34
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome is due to ___

A

median nerve compression

35
Q

The ___ branch of the median nerve is unaffected in Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

palmar cutaneous branch

36
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome mechanism of injury

A

inflammation of digit flexor tendons due to repeated motion pushes on the median nerve

37
Q

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome presentation

A

numbness, tingling on palmar surface of thumb/index and middle/lateral half of ring fingers, weakness in opposition/flexion/abduction of thumb and flexion of index and ring fingers at MP joints

38
Q

Muscles affected by Carpal Tunnel Syndrome (there are 4)

A
  • abductor pollicis brevis
  • flexor pollicis brevis (superficial head)
  • opponens pollicis
  • lumbricals (1st and 2nd)
39
Q

How to diagnose Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

A

Phalen’s Maneuver or Tinel’s Sign

40
Q

If untreated, ___ will lead to the wasting of muscles in the thenar eminence

A

Carpal Tunnel Syndrome

41
Q

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome is due to ___

A

ulnar nerve compression as it passes between the medial epicondyle and olecranon

42
Q

Cubital Tunnel Syndrome presentation

A

numbness, tingling along 5th digit/medial side of 4th digit/hand, weakness in flexing DIPs of 4th and 5th digits and in many intrinsic muscles of the hand

43
Q

Radial Nerve injury is also known as ___

A

Saturday Night Palsy

44
Q

Radial Nerve injury causes ___

A

wrist drop

45
Q

Tennis elbow is also known as ___

A

lateral epicondylitis

46
Q

Lateral epicondyltis mechanism of action

A

excessive stretching of common extensor tendon when wrist or digits are extended or when an object is repeatedly gripped

47
Q

Muscle most commonly affected by lateral epicondylitis

A

extensor carpi radialis brevis

48
Q

Ganglion cyst

A

benign, usually painless swelling above joints due to out-pocketing/herniation of synovial capsule

49
Q

Common ganglion cyst location

A

scaphoid - lunate joint

50
Q

Heberden’s node is joint swelling at ___ in ___ (disease)

A

DIPs; osteoarthritis

51
Q

Bouchard’s node is joint swelling at ___ in ___ (disease)

A

PIPs; osteoarthritis

52
Q

Boutonniere thumb deformity is due to ___ and ___ in ___ (disease)

A

PIP flexion, DIP extension; rheumatoid arthritis

53
Q

Ulnar deviation is seen in ___ arthritis

A

rheumatoid

54
Q

Rheumatoid arthritis joint swelling is (hard/soft)

A

soft

55
Q

Boutonneire (Button Hole) Deformity mechanism of injury

A

jamming finger, laceration, rheumatoid arthritis

56
Q

Boutonniere Deformity is due to ___

A

tear or avulsion of central band of finger extension hood; lateral bands move ventrally to PIP axis and hyperextend DIP and flex PIP as attempts are made to straighten finger

57
Q

Mallet finger is due to ___

A

ruptured extension tendon (where lateral band inserts onto distal phalanx)

58
Q

Mallet finger presentation

A

unopposed flexion from flexor digitorum profundus and inability to fully extend the PIP

59
Q

Persistent Median Artery can cause ___

A

carpal tunnel syndrome

60
Q

Persistent Median Artery is often associated with ___

A

bifurcated median nerve

61
Q

Guyon’s Tunnel Syndrome is also known as ___

A

Cyclist’s Palsy

62
Q

Guyon’s Tunnel Syndrome is ___

A

compression of ulnar nerve in ulnar canal

63
Q

Guyon’s Tunnel Syndrome mechanism of injury

A

pressure on ulnar canal, often due to extended cycling

64
Q

Muscles affected by Guyon’s Tunnel Syndrome

A

all intrinsic hand muscles except the 4.5 innervated by the median nerve

65
Q

Guyon’s Tunnel Syndrome presentation

A

deficits in opposition, pinching, and fine motor control

Anatomy (5 decks)

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