Head & Neck Exam I Flashcards
What are the bony landmarks of the cervical vertebrae?
C1 - occlusal plane C2 - angle of mandible C3 - hyoid bone C4/C5 - thyroid cartilage C6 - cricoid cartilage
From the pterygopalatine fossa to the middle cranial fossa, you have to go through the ___.
foramen rotundum
From the pterygopalatine fossa to the infratemporal fossa, you have to go through the ___.
pterygomaxillary fissure
From the pterygopalatine fossa to the nasal cavity, you have to go through the ___.
sphenopalatine foramen
From the pterygopalatine fossa to the orbit, you have to go through the ___.
inferior orbital fissure
From the pterygopalatine fossa to the palate, you have to go through the ___.
descending palatine canal
From the pterygopalatine fossa to the middle cranial fossa, you have to go through the ___.
vidian canal
From the pterygopalatine fossa to the nasopharynx, you have to go through the ___.
pharyngeal canal
What prevents posterior displacement of the atlas and skull?
the dens
What prevents anterior displacement of the atlas and skull?
transverse ligament of the atlas
What is a hangman’s fracture?
fracture of pedicles of C2
What is a Jefferson fracture?
compression fracture of C1
What is a Clay shoveler’s fracture?
fracture of spinous process of C6 - T1
The nerve to the mylohyoid is a branch of which nerve? What also branches off of this nerve?
V3; inferior alveolar nerve
What muscles does the ansa cervicalis supply? What muscle in this group does it not supply?
Infrahyoid muscles - sternohyoid, omohyoid, sternothyroid
Thyroid - supplied by C1 branch that travels with CN XII
What muscle is innervated by CN XII?
Geniohyoid (+ extrinsic and intrinsic muscles of tongue)
What does the 1st pharyngeal cleft become?
the external acoustic meatus
What intracranial hemorrhage forms a biconcave shape? What blood supply is it from?
Epidural; middle meningeal artery
What intracranial hemorrhage forms a concave shape? What blood supply is it from?
Subdural; bridging vein
What intracranial hemorrhage forms an irregular shape? What blood supply is it from?
subarachnoid; cerebral arteries (circle of Willis)
What makes up the vidian nerve?
Preganglionic parasympathetic fibers from great petrosal nerve of CN VII + postganglionic sympathetc fibers from deep petrosal nerve
What nerves are in the cavernous sinus? Which is adjacent to the ICA?
CNs III, IV, V1, V2, VI; VI is adjacent to ICA
What does the inferior oblique do?
Pulls eye up and out
What does the superior oblique do?
Pulls eye down and out
What direction do the superior rectus and inferior rectus both pull the eye?
Medially
What nerves and muscles are involved in the blink reflex?
sensory - nasociliary (V1) or VIII (sound) or II (bright light)
motor - CN VII - orbicularis oculi
What are the motor branches of CN VII?
temporal, zygomatic, buccal, mandibular, cervical, posterior auricular
The stapedius muscle is innervated by a branch of ___
CN VII
The chorda tympani is a branch of ___
CN VII
What are the nuclei and ganglia of the parasympathetic nerves?
- III: Edinger Westphal nucleus –> ciliary ganglion
- VII: Superior salivatory nucleus –> pterygopalatine ganglion AND submandibular ganglion
- IX: inferior salivatory nucleus –> otic ganglion
The ciliary muscle is [sympathetically/parasympathetically] controlled.
parasympathetically
The dilator pupillae muscle is [sympathetically/parasympathetically] controlled.
sympathetically
The sphincter muscle is [sympathetically/parasympathetically] controlled.
parasympathetically
The superior tarsal muscle is [sympathetically/parasympathetically] controlled.
sympathetically
Which cranial nerves are used in the pupillary reflex?
CN II (sensory) and CN III (motor)
What causes cleft lip?
Failure of intermaxillary prominence (fusion of medial nasal processes) to fuse with maxillary swelling
What causes cleft palate?
Failure of the 2 palates to form (primary - intermaxillary segment of medial nasal processes; secondary - palatine shelves from maxillae grow inward to fuse in midline)
Where do the flat bones of the skull derive from?
neural crest
What cranial nerve is associated with the 1st pharyngeal arch?
CN V (V3 - lingual - sensory to mucosa of anterior 2/3 of tongue)
What cranial nerve is associated with the 2nd pharyngeal arch?
CN VII (chorda tympani - taste in anterior 2/3 of tongue)
What cranial nerve is associated with the 3rd pharyngeal arch?
CN IX (taste/general sensation of posterior 1/3 of tongue)
What cranial nerve is associated with the 4th pharyngeal arch?
CN X (taste and sensation from epiglottis)
What cranial nerve is associated with the 6th pharyngeal arch?
CN X (taste and sensation from epiglottis)
What are the muscles of the tongue formed from?
occipital somites (not pharyngeal arches)
Where is the trigeminal ganglion located?
middle cranial fossa
Where is the geniculate ganglion located?
petrous part of temporal bone
Where are the vagal ganglia located?
outside jugular foramen
Where are the glossopharyngeal ganglia located?
outside jugular foramen
Where is the ciliary ganglion located?
orbit
Where is the submandibular ganglion located?
submandibular region
Where is the pterygopalatine ganglion located?
pterygopalatine fossa
Where is the otic ganglion located?
infratemporal fossa
