Heart Embryology Flashcards
Ostium primum atrial septal defect
failure of ostium primum to close (due to failure of endocardial cushion defects)
Ostium secundum atrial septal defect
due to an overlap of ostium secundum and foramen ovale (results in a hole in the septum that won’t close on its own)
Transposition of great vessels
happens if truncus arteriosus doesn’t spiral when becoming the septum; results in left ventricle emptying into pulmonary circulation and right ventricle emptying into systemic circulation
Persistent truncus arteriosus ventricular septal defect
blood from both sides of the heart mix, resulting in both lungs and body receiving partially deoxygenated blood
Tetralogy of Fallot
displacement of truncoconal septum leads to a small pulmonary trunk/pulmonic valves and an overriding aorta; overall effect - heart pumps deoxygenated blood from right ventricle into body –> cyanosis
4 anatomical defects of Tetralogy of Fallot
- pulmonary stenosis
- overriding aorta
- ventricular septal defect
- right ventricular hypertrophy
Double aortic arch
failure of involution of right dorsal aorta leads to a vascular ring around trachea and esophagus
Right retroesophageal subclavian artery (abnormal origin)
results from abnormal disappearance of right 4th aortic arch, forcing right subclavian to fuse with descending aorta (associated with Down Syndrome)
Right sided aortic arch
ductus arteriosus stretches in front of or behind esophagus and trachea; associated with tetralogy of Fallot
Interrupted aortic arch
aorta supplies head, upper limbs, upper body, but pulmonary artery supplies lower body (due to lack of right and left 4th aortic arches)
Coarctation of aorta
abnormal thickening of aortic wall severely constricts aorta in region of ductus arteriosus
Postductal coarctation
may be asymptomatic due to collateral circulation
Preductal coarctation
no collateral circulation; results in lower body cyanosis
Patent ductus arteriosus
failure of distal part of left sixth aortic arch to involute after birth
