Upper Limb A.

Question 1

Subclavian gives off branches to the neck and.. what does this supply

Answer 1

Axillary A. (between clavicle and 1st rib)- axilla, chest wall, shoulder joint, proximal end of humerus, lateral portion of mammary gland.

Question 2

Axillary artery turns into, and supplies

Answer 2

• Brachial A ( Tri, Bi) gives off branches that descend down each side of arm
• Distal Brachial A.- through antecubital fossa

Question 3

Brachial A. turns into:

Answer 3

Radial A. : lateral side of arm (pulse, blood gas)
Ulnar A: medial side (flexor muscles, Extensor Muscles- gives off branches that run superiorly to connect to arteries around elbow

Question 4

Abdominal Aorta bifurcates at level of the Pelvic brim at the 5th lumbar vertebrae forms common iliac (Rt, Lt) which divides:

Answer 4

Internal Illiac, External Illiac

Question 5

Internal iliac supplies:

Answer 5

reproductive organs,muscles, Gluteal structures

Question 6

External Illiac supplies, when it passes through inguinal ligament called and supplies?

Answer 6

• Lower abdominal wall (muscles, skin)

- Femoral A.- Groin, Lower ab wall, hip joint, thigh muscles. Runs medially to popliteal fossa

Question 7

At what point does the Femoral A. change, and what does it supply?

Answer 7

at the popliteal space=poplital A., knee joint, muscles of lower thigh, upper leg- has arteries that run superiorly around knee, alt pathways of blood flow.

Question 8

At what point does popliteal A. change, and what do they supply?

Answer 8

changes at distal border of popliteal fossa- Anterior tibial A( anterior muscle of leg, branches that surround ankle), Posterior Tibial A.(Posterior muscles, branches surround ankle, foot)

Question 9

Atherosclerosis also called:
What changes occur AFTER damage and where:
End result is called:

Answer 9

• hardening of arteries- lose elasticity d/t lipid deposits
• damage to epith. lining from HBP-> starts inflamm response.
• deposited lips material usually cholesterol
• calcium can be deposited in the lipids (inflamm)- making wall very hard= plaques

Question 10

As plaques continue to grow they…

What are some results of this

Answer 10

• protrude into lumen of artery- disrupt texture and can cause blood clot formation.
• interferes with blood flow=ischemia decr. o2
• prolonged ischemia leads to tissue death=infarction
• in heart=myocardial infarction

Question 11

symptoms of myocardial infarction:

Answer 11

chest pain (angina pectoris)-tighteing/pressure radiates to neck, mandible Lt arm, women rt arm

• diaphoresis- perfuse sweating
• dyspnea-difficult breathing
• nausea/vomitting

Question 12

Lipid deposits usually Cholesterol, what are the types and what do they do?
Base units:

Answer 12

HDL (high density), LDL(low density).
HDL- remove and carry cholesterol from tissue to liver (metabolized then eliminated)
LDL- carry cholesterol from liver to tissue
Base unites: hormones, vitamin D

Question 13

Where are receptors for HDL and LDL found:

How to genetics play into it?

Answer 13

• HDL receptors found mainly in liver, NOT endothelial lining of arteries.
• LDL receptors found everywhere including lining of arteries.
• Genetics: some have low # of LDL receptors in liver=> incr leaves of cholesterol in blood, greater risk of being deposited in damaged arteries.
• some have increased # of LDL receptors in arteries=> greater risk of being deposited in arteries

Question 14

Risk factors for developing Atherosclerosis:

Diseases associated:

Answer 14

High fat diet, HPB, smoking, obesity, lack of physical activity, genetics.

• Aneurysm: weak artery wall, balloons, rupture
• abdominal aortic aneurysm: life threatening, persistent lower back pain
• cerebral artery aneurysm: persistent sever headache

Question 15

Venules:

Veins, direction, pressure, structure:

Answer 15

• microscopic vessels that are continuations of capillaries, come together to form veins.
• carry blood back to heart, under low pressure 5-10mmhg vs arterial 100mmhg
• run parallel to arteries, have 3 layers
• middle layer less developed in walls than arteries- less smooth muscle fibers

Question 16

Detailed vein structure:

Upper and lower limb veins:

Answer 16

• walls thinner than arteries, but have greater diameters, hold larger volumes, act as blood reserves.
• larger veins in upper and lower limbs contain valves, unidirectional, semilunar valves, help blood move toward heart under low pressures

Question 17

Venous blood flow(pressure):

Venous blood flow depends on:

Answer 17

little BP remains as blood enters venues from capillaries 5-10mmhg.
** Hearts action has very little affect on flow
- does depend on :
skeletal muscle contraction, breathing movements, vasoconstriction of the larger veins

Question 18

Skeletal muscle contraction:

Answer 18

As muscles around veins contract veins are compressed, squeezes blood in vessels, b/c valves in veins are unidirectional- fires blood to move toward heart. PRIMARY WAY of getting back to HEART.

Question 19

Respiratory movements:

Answer 19

During inspiration-pressure in thoracic cavity decreases, abdominal pressure increases, blood in abdominal veins squeezed into thoracic veins=>moving toward heart

Question 20

Vasoconstriction:

Answer 20

when venous blood pressure is low ( which is needed to move the blood). Sympathetic nerves of ANS cause the smooth muscle in the veins to contract, causes pressure to increase=> increase venous flow back to heart.