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Cardiovascular System > C-2a > Flashcards

C-2a Flashcards

1
Q

CAPILLARIES
Number of capillaries in a specific tissue, proportional to:

Examples:

A

: a tissues metabolic rate
Examples
1) muscular & Nervous tissue: High metabolic rate= extensive capillary network

2) Epidermis & Cartilage: Very low metabolic rate= lack capillaries

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2
Q

CAPILLARY EXCHANGE
What are the substances that move between blood and the tissues?
Movement is d/t:

A

-gases(o2 & co2), Nutrients, metabolic waste-products
-Movement is d/t:
Simple diffusion: gases
Osmosis: water
Filtration: Molecules
Absorption: Molecules

Leaves blood=filtered, comes back in=absorption

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3
Q

Movement in & out of capillaries determined by:

A

Opposing forces occurring in the capillaries

  1. Osmotic Force (pressure)- Movement of (liquid/water)
  2. Blood pressure/hydrostatic pressure= pressure of liquid
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4
Q

Colloid Osmotic Pressure:

How are proteins involved:

A

The Pressure (force) caused by the PROTEINS found in the PLASMA fraction of blood.

  • Proteins CANNOT pass thru the vascular walls(capillaries)
  • Water always moves toward the area of higher concentrated solutes
  • The Presence of the Proteins in plasma tends to PULL water into the capillaries by OSMOSIS (absorption)
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5
Q

ARTERIAL BLOOD PRESSURE:

A

Generated by the heart, tends to push water out of the capillaries into the tissues

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6
Q

Movement in & out of the Capillaries:
Force from BP?
The force from the COLLOID OSMOTIC pressure?
What is the NET:
How fluid is moved, out of what specific end:

A

-As blood approaches the capillaries, BP has dropped, d/t continuous dividing of vessels.
bp:37mmHg, cop:25mmHg
=+12mmHg Net movement into tissues
-Fluid is moved OUT at the PROXIMAL arterial end of the capillary termed FILTRATION

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7
Q

Movement in & out of the capillaries:

When blood gets to capillaries it is?

A

When blood gets to the capillaries BP has decreased.

-The blood volume is pushed thru multiple capillaries- NOT just 1/2 same pressure is now divided among multiple vessels

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8
Q

Movement in & out, @ the DISTAL end (venous) portion of the capillaries:

A

BP has DECREASED below the colloid osmotic pressure;bp:17, cop:25 net:(-8) into vessels

  • COP remains the same (proteins to large to be filtered)
  • Fluid moves back into the vessels from the tissues termed Absorption(waste products)
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9
Q

Very little pressure in the Venous system.
When describing blood pressure we are referring to?
Which is created by?

A

Systemic Arterial Blood Pressure.

Created By: Left Ventricle, pressure in systemic arteries, Not in pulmonary vessels

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10
Q

Arterial Blood Pressure Facts:
Maximum pressure:
Minimum pressure:
Normal BP Recorded as:

A

Rises and falls in a pattern corresponding to the cardiac cycle.
-SYSTOLIC=when ventricles contract (systole), pressure in arteries increase. Complete left ventricle contraction.
-Diastolic=complete left ventricle relaxation.
120/80

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11
Q

Formula for BP:

Formulas for each portion that make BP:

A

BP=Cardiac Output x Total Vascular Resistance

  • Cardiac output= HR x Stroke volume
  • Stroke volume= Volume of blood pumped by the left ventricle during systole.

-Vascular resistance=peripheral resistance: degree of vasoconstriction of the arterioles

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12
Q

When the body has changes in one or more of these factors(BP=CAxTVR); it can affect BP.
EXAMPLES

A
  • inc. HR= inc. BP
  • inc BV= inc. BP
    -inc Vascons = inc BP
    when one increases another must go down usually- Peripheral resistance
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13
Q

Factors affecting Arterial Blood pressure:

A
  1. Peripheral Resistance
  2. Blood Viscosity
  3. Blood Volume
  4. Heart Rate
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14
Q

What is Peripheral resistance?

Factors that affect peripheral resistance and what it results in?

A

: the friction/resistance between the blood and the internal wall of a blood vessel that DECREASES blood flow.
- BP must overcome this to maintain normal flow.

-factors that alter PR usually cause high PB.
A. vasoconstriction of vessels
1. too much Sympathetic nerve affect
2. certain substances- hormones
B. Atherosclerosis - narrowing of arteries

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15
Q

What is Blood Viscosity:

A

Property of a liquid, how easy it flows. Inc Viscosity=thickness, decrease Viscosity= more fluid like
A. Blood cells and plasma proteins increase Viscosity i.e. incr RBC production, incr protein syntheses
B. Decreased plasma levels incr viscosity

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16
Q

What is Blood Volume:

A

-equal to:
A. Number of Blood cells & plasma proteins
B. Volume of Fluid/plasma
> Any incr in total body fluid (water retention)
- incr blood volume
- this increases BP
>Any decr in Total Body Fluid (dehydration), decr blood volume, this decr BP

17
Q

Heart Rate is controlled by?

A
  • Heart has a constant level of activity
  • controlled by baroreceptors (sensory receptors for pressure)
  • send data to Medulla Oblongata-which contain Cardiac Control Centers
  • medulla obligate then responds through ANS
18
Q

Where are Baroreceptors located, and what do they do?

Responses:

A
  • Located in Carotid sinuses and walls of the aorta.
  • detect any change in BP
  • Send impulses to medulla oblongata
  • medulla sends signals to the Heart thru AN nerves-SYMPATHETIC / (minimal)parasympathetic
  • Low BP=inc sympathetic-inc HR, inc Cardiac force
  • High BP=dec sympathetic-dec HR, dec cardiac force
19
Q

High BP puts you at risk for?
How many in US have high BP?
High BP was…..

A
  • Hear disease (1st) and Stroke (3rd) leading causes of death in US.
  • 1/3 adults has high BP
  • was primary or contributing cause in 1/8 deaths from ALL causes
20
Q

High BP AKA:

FACTS

A

Hypertension.

  • only 10% have an identifiable cause (means no specie cause can be found in 90% of patients)
  • pt. with No identifiable cause for their HBP are said to have: ESSENTIAL/PRIMARY hypertension
  • pt. WITH identifiable cause for their HBP are said to have SECONDARY Hypertension i.e. kidney disease, arteriosclerosis
21
Q

Essential hypertension theory:

A

Based on chronic stress and GENETICS
-chronic means over a long period of time-years to decades
- types of stress- good or bad
Genetics- inherited traits predisposes an individual to HBP when faced with chronic stress.

22
Q

CAPILLARIES
Structure:
What they connect and diffuse to:
Structure also allows

A

smallest diameter, connect arterioles to venous system.

Wall is a single layer of simple squamous.
Allows diffusion from blood to tissues and visa versa Business end.

allows damage to occur frequently

23
Q

CAPILLARIES:
Number of is proportional to:
Examples:

A
  • number in a specific tissue is proportional to metabolic rate.
  • Muscular & Nervous tissues= high metabolic rate=extensive capillary network.
  • Epidermis & Cartilage=very low metabolic rate=low capillaries

Cardiovascular System (7 decks)

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