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Anatomy 3rd Year > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What three bones make up the pectoral girdle?

A

Clavicle
Scapula
Manubrium of sternum

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2
Q

What structures make up the four walls of the axilla?

A

Anterior wall- pectoralis major and minor, subclavius and their fascia
Posterior wall- teres major and latismuss dorsi
Medial wall- thoracic wall and serratus anterior
Lateral wall- intertubular sulcus of the humerus

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3
Q

What are the contents of the axilla?

A 
Axillary artery and vein
Axillary lymph nodes
Parts of brachial plexus
Short head and long head of biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
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4
Q

At what landmark does the subclavian artery become the axillary artery?

A

Lateral border of the first rib

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5
Q

At what landmark does the axillary artery become the brachial artery?

A

Inferior border of teres major

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6
Q

What two structures lie in the axillary sheath?

A

Axillary artery

Brachial plexus

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7
Q

What spinal nerves form the brachial plexus?

A

Ventral rami of C5-T1

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8
Q

What are the cords of the brachial plexus named in relation to?

A

The axillary artery

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9
Q

Which spinal nerves form what trunks of the brachial plexus?

A

Superior- C5 and C6
Middle- C7
Inferior-C8 and T1

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10
Q

What are the three cords of the brachial plexus?

A

Lateral
Posterior
Medial

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11
Q

Between which two muscles do the three trunks of the brachial plexus emerge from?

A

Scalenus medius and scalenus anterior

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12
Q

What are the terminal branches of the lateral cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Median (lateral root)
Musculocutaneous
Lateral pectoral

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13
Q

What are the terminal branches of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus?

A

Axillary
Radial
Thoracodorsal
Lower and upper subscapular

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14
Q

What are the terminal branches of the medial cord of the brachial plexus?

A 
Ulnar
Median (medial root)
Medial pectoral
Medial cutaneous nerve of arm
Medial cutaneous nerve of forearm
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15
Q

What pathology does an injury to the upper trunk of the brachial plexus cause and what appearance does this give the arm?

A

Erb’s palsy

“Waiter’s tip”-medially rotates the arm and flexes the wrist

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16
Q

What kind of injury to the lower trunk of the brachial plexus would cause Klumpke’s palsy and what muscles would be affected by this?

A

Undue abduction of the arm

Intrinsic muscles of the hand and ulnar flexors of the wrist and fingers

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17
Q

Which cutaneous vein of the arm lies laterally?

A

Cephalic

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18
Q

What does the basilic vein join with to form the axillary vein?

A

Venae comitantes of the brachial artery

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19
Q

What are the five distinct groups of axillary lymph nodes?

A 
Anterior/pectoral group
Posterior/subscapular group
Apical group
Central group
Lateral group
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20
Q

What are the three joints of the shoulder, what types of joint are these and what bones are articulating in them?

A

Glenohumeral-ball and socket synovial, scapula and humerus
Sternoclavicular- synovial saddle, sternum and clavicle
Acromioclavicular- synovial plane, scapula and clavicle

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21
Q

What are the two attachments of the trapezius?

A

External occipital protuberance

Spinous process of T12 vertebra

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22
Q

What are the actions of the trapezius?

A

Superior/descending fibres-elevate the scapula and when the scapula is fixed, they laterally flex the neck
Middle fibres- retract the scapula
Inferior/ascending fibres- depresses scapula
All fibres- act together to rotate the scapula and abduct the arm

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23
Q

What three muscles attach to the medial border of the scapula?

A

Levator scapulae

Rhomboid major and minor

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24
Q

What are the actions of Levator scapulae?

A

Elevates the scapula

Rotates the scapula

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25
Q

What are the actions of rhomboid major and minor?

A

Retracts the scapula

Fixes scapula to thoracic wall

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26
Q

What are the actions of latissimus dorsi?

A

Extends, adducts and medially rotates the shoulder joint

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27
Q

What are the four rotator cuff muscles?

A

Teres minor
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Subscapularis

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28
Q

Is subscapularis anteriorly or posteriorly placed on the scapula?

A

Anteriorly

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29
Q

What are the actions of subscapularis?

A

Medially rotates shoulder joint

Adducts shoulder joint

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30
Q

What are the actions of supraspinatus?

A

Initiates abduction of the shoulder and helps deltoid

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31
Q

What is the action of teres minor and infraspinatus?

A

Laterally rotates the shoulder joint

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32
Q

What are the actions of teres major?

A

Adducts shoulder

Medially rotates shoulder

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33
Q

What are the three different parts of the deltoid muscle and what are their actions?

A

Clavicular- flexes and medially rotates shoulder joint
Acromial- abducts shoulder joint
Spinal- extends and laterally rotates shoulder joint

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34
Q

What is the acetabular labrum and what is its function?

A

The cartilage surrounding the socket

Keeps the head of humerus in place

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35
Q

What are the actions of pectoralis major?

A

Draws scapula anteriorly and inferiorly
Adducts and medially rotates shoulder joint
The clavicular head flexes shoulder joint and sternocostal head extends it from flexed position

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36
Q

What are the actions of pectoralis minor?

A

Stabilises the scapula by drawing it inferiorly and anteriorly

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37
Q

What are the actions of serratus anterior?

A

Protracts and rotates scapula

38
Q

Which bursa of the shoulder communicates with the joint cavity, what is its role and what injury can damage it?

A

Subacromial bursa
Facilitates movement of the supraspinatus tendon
Shoulder dislocation

39
Q

What three things make up the acromial arch?

A

Acromion
Coracoid process
Coraco-acromial ligament

40
Q

What nerve is damaged if there is winging of the scapula seen?

A

The long thoracic nerve which causes paralysis of the serratus anterior muscle

41
Q

What are the contents of the anterior arm and is it classed a flexor or an extensor compartment?

A 
Brachial artery and venae comitantes
Ulnar, median and musculocutaneous nerves
Biceps brachii
Coracobrachialis
Brachialis
Flexor compartment
42
Q

To what parts of the scapula do the long and short head of biceps brachii attach to and how are they situated?

A

Short head lies medially and attaches to the coracoid process
Long head lies laterally and attaches to the supraglenoid tubercle and runs in the bicipital groove of the humerus

43
Q

What are the actions of biceps brachii?

A

Main supinator of forearm

When forearm is supinated, it flexes the elbow and shoulder joint

44
Q

What are the attachments of coracobrachialis?

A

Coracoid process of scapula

Middle third of medial surface of humerus

45
Q

What are the actions of coracobrachialis?

A

Flexes and adducts shoulder joint

46
Q

What are the attachments of brachialis?

A

Proximal is the anterior surface of humerus

Distal is the coronoid process of the ulna

47
Q

What are the actions of brachialis?

A

Flexes elbow joint in all positions

48
Q

What is the continuation of the musculocutaneous nerve after it has supplied the anterior compartment of the arm?

A

Continues as the lateral cutaneous nerve of the forearm

49
Q

Name an important branch pf the brachial artery that supplies the posterior arm?

A

Profunda brachii

50
Q

Describe the position of the nerves of the anterior arm?

A

Median nerve runs medial to brachial artery before entering cubital fossa, giving off no branches.
Ulnar nerve runs medial to brachial artery before entering the posterior arm

51
Q

Name three areas of the humerus that if fractured could damage the axillary, ulnar and radial nerve?

A

Axillary-surgical neck
Ulnar-medial epicondyle
Radial-radial groove

52
Q

What two muscles make up the medial and lateral borders of the cubital fossa?

A

Medial-pronator teres

Lateral-brachioradialis

53
Q

What are the contents of the cubital fossa?

A 
Brachial artery (splitting into R and U)
Median nerve
Radial nerve
Median cubital vein
Biceps brachii Tendon
54
Q

What are the three attachments of triceps brachii?

A

Long head-infraglenoid tubercle of scapula
Medial head-posterior surface of humerus, inferior to radial groove
Lateral head-posterior surface of humerus, superior to radial groove

55
Q

What are the actions of triceps brachii and what is its innervation?

A

Chief extensor of elbow joint
Long head extends shoulder joint
Radial nerve

56
Q

What kind of joint is the elbow joint?

A

Hinge synovial

57
Q

Which parts of the humerus and which parts of the ulna and radius articulate in the elbow joint?

A

The capitulum of the humerus articulates with the concave surface of the radius
The trochlea of the humerus articulates with the trochlear notch of the ulna

58
Q

What type of joints are the proximal and distal radio-ulnar joints?

A

Synovial pivot

59
Q

What is the common flexor origin?

A

Medial epicondyle of the humerus

60
Q

What are the four most superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

Pronator Teres
Palmaris Longis
Flexor Carpi Radialis
Flexor Carpi Ulnaris

61
Q

What are the actions of the four most superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

PT-Pronates and flexes forearm
PL- Flexes hand at wrist
FCR- Flexes and abducts hand at wrist
FCU- Flexes and adducts hand at wrist

62
Q

What is the innervation of the four most superficial muscles of the anterior forearm?

A

The median nerve innervates all of the muscles except the FCU which is innervated by the ulnar nerve

63
Q

What are the actions of brachioradialis and what is its innervation?

A

Weak flexion of the elbow joint, maximal when forearm is mid-pronated position
Radial nerve

64
Q

What are the four muscles of the deep layer of the anterior forearm?

A

Flexor Digitorum Superficialis
Flexor Digitorum Profundus
Flexor Pollicus Longus
Pronator Quadratus

65
Q

What is the innervation and action of FDS?

A

Median nerve
Flexes wrist joint
Flexes proximal interphalangeal joints of middle four digits
Flexes proximal phalanges at metacarpophalangeal joints

66
Q

What is the innervation and action of the FDP?

A 
Lateral part (digits 2 and 3) innervated by anterior interosseous branch of median nerve
Medial part  (digits 4 and 5) innervated by ulnar nerve
Flexes wrist joint
Flexes distal interphalangeal joints of digits 2 3 4 and 5
67
Q

What is the innervation and actions of FPL and PQ?

A

Innervated by anterior interosseous branch of median nerve
FPL-flexes wrist and flexes both joints of thumb
PQ-pronates forearm and the deep fibres bind the radius and ulna together

68
Q

What are the contents of the carpal tunnel?

A

Median nerve
Tendon of FPL
4 tendons of FDS
4 tendons of FDP

69
Q

What bones make up the lateral and medial borders of the carpal tunnel?

A

Lateral-Scaphoid and trapezium

Medial-Pisiform and hamate

70
Q

What muscle’s tendons form the palmar aponeurosis?

A

Palmaris Longis

71
Q

What are the four thenar muscles?

A

Opponens Pollicis
Adductor Pollicis
Abductor Pollicis Brevis
Flexor Pollicis Brevis

72
Q

What are the four thenar muscles and what is their actions on the thumb?

A

Opponens Pollicis- opposes
Adductor Pollicis- adducts
Abductor Pollicis Brevis-abducts
Flexor Pollicis Brevis-flexes

73
Q

What is the nerve supply to the thenar muscles?

A

Median nerve

Ulnar nerve supplies adductor pollicis

74
Q

What are the three hypothenar muscles and what are their actions on the 5th finger?

A

Flexor Digiti Minimi-flexes proximal phalanx
Abductor Digiti Minimi-abducts
Opponens Minimi-draws it anterior and rotates it to bring it into opposition with the thumb

75
Q

What is the nerve supply to the hypothenar muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve

76
Q

From which muscle’s tendons do the lumbricals originate?

A

Flexor Digitorum Profundus

77
Q

What are the actions of the lumbrical muscles?

A

Flexes MCP joints

Extends IP joints of fingers 2-5

78
Q

How many palmar and dorsal interossei are there?

A

Palmar-3

Dorsal-4

79
Q

What is the innervation of the interossei muscles?

A

Ulnar nerve

80
Q

What are the actions of the interossei muscles?

A

Palmar-adducts fingers

Dorsal-abducts fingers

81
Q

Which arteries are the main contributors to the superficial and deep palmar arches?

A

Superficial-ulnar

Deep-radial

82
Q

Which nerve only innervates the hand cutaneously and is not involved in muscle innervation?

A

Radial

83
Q

What kind of joint is the wrist joint?

A

Synovial condyloid

84
Q

What are the five superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm and what are their actions?

A

Extensor carpi Radialis Longus-Extend and abduct wrist joint
Extensor carpi Radialis Brevis-Extend and abduct wrist joint
Extensor Digitorum-Extend wrist joint and extends medial four fingers at MCPJ and IPJ
Extensor Digiti Minimi-Extends wrist joint and extends thumb at MCPJ and IPJ
Extensor Carpi Ulnaris-Extends and adducts wrist

85
Q

What is the innervation of the five superficial muscles of the posterior compartment of the forearm?

A

Radial nerve

86
Q

What is the common extensor origin?

A

Lateral epicondyle

87
Q

What are the four deep muscles of the posterior forearm and what are their actions?

A

Abductor Pollicis Longus- extends wrist joint and abducts thumb and extends it at MCPJ
Extensor Pollicis Longus-extends wrist joint and extends at all joints of thumb
Extensor Pollicis Brevis- extends wrist joint and extends at MCPJ and CMCJ of thumb
Extensor Indicis-extends wrist joint and 2nd finger

88
Q

What is the innervation of the deep muscles of the posterior forearm?

A

The posterior interosseous nerve (continuation of the deep branch of the radial nerve)

89
Q

What are the two carpal bones felt in the anatomical snuff box?

A

Scaphoid

Trapezium

90
Q

From what muscles tendons do the extensor expansions come from?

A

Extensor Digitorum

Anatomy 3rd Year (3 decks)

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