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Anatomy 3rd Year > Lower Limb > Flashcards

Lower Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What are the three separate bones of the hip bone and what is the name of the cartilage that separates them?

A

Ilium
Ischium
Pubis
Triradiate cartilage

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2
Q

What two veins join to form the great saphenous vein?

A

Dorsal Digital Vein (great toe)

Dorsal Venous Arch

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3
Q

What is the course of the great saphenous vein?

A

Ascends anterior to the medial malleolus and travels medially up the leg where it joins with the small saphenous vein. It empties into the femoral vein

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4
Q

What is the course of the small saphenous vein?

A

Ascends posterior to the lateral malleolus and travels up the posterior midline of the fibula. Empties into the popliteal vein

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5
Q

What type of joint is the hip joint?

A

Synovial Ball and Socket

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6
Q

What is the acetabular labrum and what is its function?

A

Fibrocartilage

Deepens the hip joint

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7
Q

What are the three main tendons of the hip joint and how do they lie?

A

Iliofemoral
Ischiofemoral
Pubofemoral
Pubofemoral lies below iliofemoral and they lie anterior
Ischiofemoral lies posterior
They attach to the head of femur and the hip bone
Iliofemoral prevents hyperextension of hip and Ischiofemoral prevents hyperabduction

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8
Q

What muscles are the flexors of the hip joint?

A

Iliopsoas (main)
Iliacus
Pectineus
Psoas Major

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9
Q

What muscles are extensors of the hip joint?

A 
Gluteus maximus (main)
Hamstrings
Adductor Magnus (posterior part)
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10
Q

What muscles are abductors of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus Medius and minimus

Tensor Fasciae latae

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11
Q

What muscles are the adductors of the hip joint?

A

Adductor Longus, brevis and magnus
Gracilis
Obturator Externus

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12
Q

What muscles are the medial rotators of the hip joint?

A

Gluteus Medius and minimus

Tensor Fasciae Latae

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13
Q

What are the four parts of quadriceps femoris?

A

Rectus Femoris
Vastus Lateralis
Vastus Intermedius (lies deep to RF)
Vastus Medialis

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14
Q

What are the muscles of the anterior thigh and what are their actions?

A

Quadriceps Femoris-extends the knee joint and RF stabilises hip joint
Pectineus- Adducts and flexes hip joint, helps with medial rotation
Sartorius-Flexes, abducts and laterally rotates hip joint. Flexes knee joint
Iliopsoas- Flexes and stabilises hip joint

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15
Q

What nerve innervates the anterior thigh muscles?

A

Femoral Nerve (L1-L4)

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16
Q

What are the medial muscles of the thigh and what are their actions?

A

Adductor Longus-adducts hip
Adductor Brevis-adducts and helps flex hip joint
Adductor Magnus-adducts, extends (hamstring part) and flexes (adductor part) hip joint
Gracilis- adducts hip joint and flexes knee joint
Obturator Externus- laterally rotates and stabilises hip joint

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17
Q

What nerve innervates the medial thigh muscles?

A

Obturator Nerve

Except the hamstring part of adductor magnus is innervated by the tibial part of the sciatic nerve

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18
Q

What is the femoral artery a continuation of?

A

External Iliac

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19
Q

What transmits the adductor hiatus?

A

The femoral artery and vein transmit to the popliteal fossa

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20
Q

What is the large branch of the femoral artery that passes posteriorly towards the hamstrings?

A

Profunda femoris artery

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21
Q

What are the nerve root values of the femoral nerve?

A

L2-L4

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22
Q

What are the borders of the femoral triangle?

A

Lateral-Sartorius
Medial-Adductor Longus
Base-Inguinal Ligament

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23
Q

What vessel does the femoral sheath not contain?

A

Femoral Nerve

24
Q

At what point does the anterior femoral artery become the posterior popliteal artery?

A

Adductor Hiatus

25
Q

What are the nerve root values of the lumbar plexus?

A

L1-L4
Femoral nerve-L2-L4
Obturator nerve-L2-L4

26
Q

What is the function of the greater and lesser sciatic foramen?

A

Greater-structures entering and leaving the pelvis

Lesser- structures entering and leaving the perineum

27
Q

What are the four superficial muscles of the gluteal region and what are their actions?

A

Gluteus Maximus-Extends hip joint and assists in lateral rotation
Gluteus Medius and Gluteus Minimus- Abducts and rotates hip joint
Tensor Fasciae Latae- Flexes hip joint

28
Q

What are the four deep muscles of the gluteal region and what are their actions?

A

Piriformis-
Obturator Internus
Gemelli
-All three laterally rotate extended hip joint and abduct the flexed hip joint
Quadratis Femoris- laterally rotates and stabilises hip joint

29
Q

What muscles make up the iliotibial tract?

A

Gluteus Maximus

Tensor Fasciae Latae

30
Q

What is the innervation to the superficial muscles of the gluteal region?

A

Inferior (Glut Max) and superior gluteal nerves (Glut Med and Min)

31
Q

Where is the sacral plexus located?

A

Anterior to piriformis

32
Q

What are the nerve root values of the sacral plexus?

A

S1-4 and L4 and L5

33
Q

What are the two main branches of the sacral plexus?

A 
Sciatic Nerve (L4-S3)
Pudendal Nerve (S2-S4)
34
Q

What are the two branches of the sciatic nerve?

A

Common Fibular

Tibial

35
Q

What are the muscles of the posterior thigh and what are their actions?

A

Hamstrings are the semitendinosus and the semimembranosus- Extend hip joint. Flex knee joint and medially rotates when knee flexed.
Long and short head of biceps femoris-Flexes and laterally rotates when knee flexed. Extends hip joint

36
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior muscles of the thigh?

A

Hamstrings and long head of BF-Tibial Nerve (sciatic)

Short head of BF-Common Fibular Nerve (sciatic)

37
Q

What type of joint is the knee joint?

A

Synovial hinge joint

38
Q

What leg bone is not involved in the knee joint?

A

Fibula

39
Q

What is the most important muscle in stabilising the knee joint?

A

Quadriceps Femoris

40
Q

What are the ligaments of the knee joint?

A

Medial Collateral
Lateral Collateral
Anterior and Posterior Cruciate

41
Q

What are the functions of the cruciate ligaments?

A

Anterior- stops femur sliding posteriorly

Posterior- stops femur sliding anteriorly

42
Q

What are the knee menisci and what are their functions?

A

C shaped plates of cartilage on articular surface of the tibia
They deepen the surface and provide shock absorption

43
Q

What is an “unhappy triad” of injuries to the knee?

A

Injury coming in from laterally to the knee causing stress to the medial collateral ligament which tears. This is attached to the medial meniscus which also tears. This puts pressure on the ACL which then also tears

44
Q

What are the four muscles of the anterior leg and what are their actions?

A

Tibialis Anterior- Dorsiflexes ankle and inverts foot
Extensor Hallicus Longus- Dorsiflexes ankle and extends great toe
Extensor Digitorum Longus- Dorsiflexes ankle and extends lateral four digits
Fibularis Tertius- Dorsiflexes ankle and everts foot

45
Q

What is the innervation to the anterior leg muscles?

A

Deep Fibular Nerve

46
Q

What are the two muscles of the lateral leg and what are their actions?

A

Fibularis Longus
Fibularis Brevis
Both evert foot and weakly plantarflex the ankle

47
Q

What is the innervation to the lateral leg muscles?

A

Superficial fibular nerve

48
Q

What kind joint is the ankle joint?

A

Synovial Hinge

49
Q

What are the articular surfaces of the ankle joint?

A

Distal ends of tibia and fibula and the trochlea of the talus bone

50
Q

What are the three ligaments that make up the lateral ligament of the ankle?

A

Anterior Talofibular
Posterior Talofibular
Calcaneofibular

51
Q

What type of joints are the proximal and distal tibio-fibular joints?

A

Proximal- Synovial plane

Distal- Compound Fibrous

52
Q

What are the borders of the popliteal fossa?

A

Upper medial border- Semimembranosus
Upper lateral border- Biceps Femoris
Inferior border- medial and lateral heads of the gastrocnemius

53
Q

What are the contents of the popliteal fossa?

A 
Fat
Small saphenous vein
Popliteal vein and artery
Tibial and common fibular nerves
Posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh
Popliteal lymph nodes and lymphatic vessels
54
Q

What are the superficial muscles of the posterior leg and what are their actions?

A

Gastrocnemius- Flexes knee joint and plantarflexes ankle when knee is extended
Soleus- Plantarflexes ankle
Plantaris- Plantarflexes ankle

55
Q

What are the deep muscles of the posterior leg and what are their actions?

A

Popliteus- Flexes knee
Flexor Hallicus longus- Flexes great toe and plantarflexes ankle
Flexor Digitorum longus- Flexes lateral four digits and plantarflexes ankle
Tibialis Posterior- Plantarflexes ankle and inverts foot

56
Q

What is the innervation of the posterior leg muscles?

A

Tibial nerve

57
Q

What is the innervation of the foot muscles?

A

Lateral and medial plantar nerve

Anatomy 3rd Year (3 decks)

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