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Musculoskeletal Cortext > Upper Limb > Flashcards

Upper Limb Flashcards

1
Q

What forms the shoulder girdle?

A 
Scapula
Clavicle
Proximal humerus
Deltoid
Rotator cuff muscles
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2
Q

What muscles in the rotator cuff attach to the greater tuberosity and are posterior?

A

Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres minor

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3
Q

What rotator cuff muscle is anterior and attaches to the lesser tuberosity?

A

Subscapularis

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4
Q

What rotator cuff muscle initiates abduction?

A

Supraspinatus

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5
Q

What rotator cuff muscles are responsible for external rotation?

A

Infrapsinatus

Teres minor

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6
Q

What rotator cuff muscle is responsible for internal rotation?

A

Subscapularis

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7
Q

What occurs in impingement syndrome?

A

Tendons of supraspinatus are compressed in the subacromial space

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8
Q

Give some causes of impingement syndrome

A

Tendonitis
AC osteoarthritis
Rotator cuff tear

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9
Q

Give some clinical features of impingement syndrome

A

Painful arc
Painful deltoid
+ve Hawkins-Kennedy test

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10
Q

How is impingement syndrome treated?

A

NSAIDs
Physiotherapy
Steroid injection
Subacromial decompression surgery

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11
Q

What muscle is most commonly affected in rotator cuff tears?

A

Supraspinatus

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12
Q

Give some causes of a rotator cuff tear

A

Sudden jerk injury

Tendon degeneration

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13
Q

What is the main clinical feature of a rotator cuff tear?

A

Weakness in initiating abduction

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14
Q

What occurs in adhesive capsulitis?

A

Progressive pain and stiffness of shoulder resolving after 18-24 months

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15
Q

Give some causes for adhesive capsulitis

A

Triggering injury
Diabetes
High cholesterol
Dupuytren’s

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16
Q

What is the main sign of adhesive capsulitis?

A

Loss of external rotation

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17
Q

How is adhesive capsulitis treated?

A

Physiotherapy
Analgesia
Intra-articular injections

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18
Q

Where is calcium deposited in acute calcific tendonitis?

A

Supraspinatus tendon

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19
Q

How is acute calcific tendonitis treated?

A

Subacromial steroid injection

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20
Q

How is shoulder instability commonly treated?

A

Bankart repair

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21
Q

What occurs in carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Swelling within the carpal tunnel compresses the median nerve

22
Q

Give some secondary causes of carpal tunnel syndrome

A 
Rheumatoid arthritis
Pregnancy
Diabetes
Chronic renal failure
Hypothyroidism
Colles fracture
23
Q

What are the clinical features of carpal tunnel syndrome?

A

Paraesthesia in median nerve innervated fingers
Weakness of thumb
+ve Tinel’s/Phalen’s test

24
Q

How is carpal tunnel syndrome treated?

A

Non-surgical - wrist spint/steroid injection

Surgical - division of transverse carpal ligament

25
Q

What occurs in cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Compression of ulnar nerve behind medial epicondyle

26
Q

What tight fascia is formed in cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Osborne’s fascia

27
Q

What fingers are affected by cubital tunnel syndrome?

A

Little finger

Medial 1/2 of ring finger

28
Q

What two joints does the elbow consist of?

A

Humero-ulnar

Radio-capitallar

29
Q

The elbow is flexed by the biceps brachii and the brachialis. True/false?

A

True

30
Q

What causes tennis elbow?

A

Repetitive strain injury to due repeated resisted wrist extension

31
Q

What is the main symptom of tennis elbow?

A

Pain on resisted middle finger/wrist extension

32
Q

Tennis elbow affects the medial/lateral epicondyle

A

Lateral

33
Q

How is tennis elbow treated?

A

Rest, physiotherapy, NSAIDs
Steroid injection
Brace

34
Q

What occurs in Dupuytren’s contracture?

A

Hyperplasia of the palmar fascia forming nodules and cords causing MCP/PIP contractures

35
Q

There is proliferation of what cells and production of what type collagen in Dupuytren’s?

A

Proliferation of myofibroblasts

Production of type III collagen

36
Q

What is Dupuytren’s associated with?

A

Alcoholism

Diabetes

37
Q

What fingers are most commonly affected by Dupuytren’s?

A

Ring

Little

38
Q

How is Dupuytren’s treated?

A

Fasciectomy

Fasciotomy

39
Q

What occurs in trigger finger

A

Tendonitis of flexor tendon causes nodular enlargement over A1 pulley

40
Q

What are the symptoms of trigger finger?

A

Painful clicking sensation

Finger locked in flexion

41
Q

How is trigger finger treated?

A

Steroid injection

Surgical division of A1 pulley

42
Q

Swelling of DIPs in osteoarthritis is called what?

A

Hebreden’s nodes

43
Q

Swelling of PIPs in osteoarthritis is called what?

A

Bouchard’s nodes

44
Q

How is mild to moderate DIP osteoarthritis treated?

A

Removal of osteophytes/mucous cyst

45
Q

How is severe DIP osteoarthritis treated?

A

Arthrodesis

46
Q

Osteoarthritis of the PIP on the index finger is treated with what?

A

Arthrodesis

47
Q

Osteoarthritis of the PIPs on all fingers apart from index is treated with what?

A

Arthroplasty

48
Q

What occurs in rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Inflammation within joints and tendon sheath causes articular cartilage erosion leading to joint instability and tendon rupture

49
Q

What are the symptoms of rheumatoid arthritis?

A

Ulnar deviation
Swan-neck deformity
Boutonniere deformity
Z-shaped tumb

50
Q

How is rheumatoid arthritis treated?

A

DMARDs
Tenosynovectomy
Soft tissue releases

51
Q

What occurs in a ganglion cyst?

A

Mucinous filled cysts form adjacent to a tendon/synovial joint

52
Q

How are ganglion cysts treated?

A

Needle aspiration

Surgical excision

Musculoskeletal Cortext (6 decks)

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