Upper Limb Flashcards
it is the lateral bone in forearm
radius
it is the medial bone in forearm
ulna
carpal bones are:
scaphoid
lunate
triquetral
pisiform
trapezium
trapezoid
capitate
hamate
it is a long bone that has a body and two ends
humerus
upper proximal end of humerus
head of humerus
it is made up between radius and two carpal bones
wrist joint
hand in position of extreme internal rotation with the thumb on the IR with its long axis center to the long axis of the IR
anteroposterior
hand in lateral position with the elevated thumb resting on a radiographic support, with MCP center to the IR
posteroanterior
hand in natural arched position with palmar surface down and flexed fingers resting on a sponge
lateral
with the thumb abducted, place the palmar surface of the hand in contact with IR
PA oblique
hand pronated with palm resting on the IR, adjust the oblinquity of the hand to place the MCP at 45 degree angle using a foam wedge to support the extended digits to demonstrate interphalangeal joints
PA oblique - lateral rotation
a modification that eliminates superimposition of all except the proximal phalanges
fan lateral
produces a lateral image of the body structures and soft tissues of the hand in their normally flexed position
it also demonstrates anterior or posterior displacement in fractures of the metacarpals
lateral in flexion - lateromedial
shows an AP 45 degree oblique projection of both hands
AP oblique projection - norgaard method - medial rotation
shows a lateral projection of the proximal metacarpals, carpals and distal radius and ulna
demonstrates anterior or posterior displacement in fractures
lateral projection - lateromedial
demonstrates the carpals on the lateral side of the wrist, particularly the trapezium and scaphoid
PA oblique projection - lateral rotation
corrects foreshortening of the scaphoid which occurs in perpendicular central ray
PA projection - ulnar deviation
it opens interspaces between the carpals on the medial side
PA projection - radial deviation
this method uses a four image multiple angle central ray series performed after aa routine wrist radiographs do not identify a fracture
scaphoid series - rafert long method
used to identify fractures of the hook of hamate, pisiform and trapezium common to athletes
tangential projections gaynor - hart method
an ___ projection of the forearm demonstrates the elbow joint, radius, ulna and the proximal row of slightly distorted carpal bones
anteroposterior
the ____ projection demonstrates the bones of the forearm, the elbow joint and the proximal row of carpal bones
lateral
superimpose bones of the forearm and arm and olecranon process
distal humerus - AP projection acute flexion
outlined superimposed arm and forearm, elbow joint more open than of the distal humerus
proximal forearm - PA projection acute flexion
