Prelims Flashcards
is a term that describes central ray angles or relationships between both parts often are related to imaginary planes that pass through the body in the anatomic position
body planes
is a reference position that defines specific surfaces and planes of the body
anatomic position
is any longitudinal plane that divides the body into right and left portion
sagittal plane
is the plane which divides the body into equal right and left halves
median/midsagittal plane
is any longitudinal plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portion
coronal plane
is any transverse plane that passes through the body at right angles to a longitudinal plane dividing the body into superior and inferior portion
horizontal plane
is any plane that can pass through a body part at any angles between three planes
oblique plane
is any plane that transects the pelvis at the top of the iliac crests at the level of the 4th spinous process
interiliac plane
a plane that is formed by the biting surfaces of the upper and lower teeth with the jaws closed
occlusal plane
nine regions of the abdomen
right hypochondriac
epigastric
left hypochondriac
right lumber
umbilical
left lumbar
right iliac
hypogastric
left iliac
it is the external landmarks related to body structure at the same level
surface landmarks
Surface Landmarks:
C1
mastoid tip
Surface Landmarks:
C2, C3
gonion
Surface Landmarks:
C3, C4
hyoid bone
Surface Landmarks:
C5
thyroid cartilage
Surface Landmarks:
C7, T1
vertebra prominens
Surface Landmarks:
T1
5cm above level of jugular notch
Surface Landmarks:
T2, T3
level of jugular notch/superior of sternum
Surface Landmarks:
T4, T5
level of sternal angle
Surface Landmarks:
T7
level of inferior angle of scapulae
Surface Landmarks:
T9, T1
level of xiphoid tip/distal of sternum
Surface Landmarks:
L2, L3
costal margin/last rib
Surface Landmarks:
L3, L4
umbilicus
Surface Landmarks:
L4
most superior aspect of the iliac crest
Surface Landmarks:
S1, S2
anterior superior iliac spine (ASIS)
Surface Landmarks:
Coccyx
symphysis pubis/greater tubercle
the common variations in the shape of human body
body habitus
it determines the shape, size, position of the thoracic and abdominal cavities
body habitus
50% of population has this body habitus
sthenic
35% of population has this body habitus
hyposthenic
10% of population has this body habitus
asthenic
5% of population has this body habitus
hypersthenic
the organs and characteristics for this habitus are INTERMEDIATE BETWEEN THE STHENIC AND ASTHENIC body habitus types, this habitus is the most difficult to classify
hyposthenic
this body habitus is the massive type
hypersthenic
toward the front
anterior
toward the back
posterior
toward the head
superior
toward the feet
inferior
towards the median plane/near the middle of the body
medial
away from the median plane
lateral
parts closer/near the source or beginning
proximal
parts away from the source or beginning
distal
towards the head end
cephalad, cephalic, cranially
towards the feet or tail end
caudal, caudad
near the skin surface
superficial
away from the near surface
deep
refers to the same side of the body
ipsilateral
refers to the opposite side of the body
contralateral
refers to one side of the body
unilateral
refers to both side of the body
bilateral
refers to the sole or posterior surface of foot
plantar
refers to the top or posterior surface of foot
dorsum/dorsal
refers to the palm of the hand
palmar
is the process of recording an image of a body part using one or more types of image receptors
radiography
is the device that receives the energy of the x-ray beam and forms the image of the body part
image receptor
a device that contains special screen that glow when struck by xray and imprints athe xray image on film
cassette w/ film
a device used for computed radiography similar to a conventional intensifying housed in special cassette that contains special phosphors that store the xray image, inserted into a reader device which scans the IP with a laser
image plate
a flat panel thin film transistor detector or charged coupled device used for direct digital radiography, the fastest processing system with image available in 6 seconds or less
solid state detectors
is the end result of an exacting technical procedure, permanent record of the part under study
radiograph
relationship of the anatomic superimposition to size, shape, position must be reviewed
superimposition
different in density between two areas in radiograph
contrast
the ability to visualize small structures and must be sufficient to clearly demonstrate the desired anatomic part
recorded detail
OID
object to image receptor distance
SID
source to image receptor distance
6 identification of the radiograph
patient’s name
date
marker
institution identity
xray number
age
lying on back facing upward
supine
lying on abdomen facing downward
prone
upright position to stand, sit or erect
erect
lying down in any position
recumbent
a recumbent position with the body tilted with head lower than the feet
tredelenburg
a recumbent position with the body tilted with head higher than the feet
fowlers
a recumbent oblique position with the patient lying on the anterior side with the right knee and thigh flexed and the left arm extended down behind the back
sims
position where the knees are as closed as possible to the chest
genupectoral/knee chest
a supine position with the hips and knees flexed and thigh abducted and rotated externally supported by the ankle
lithotomy
it is position assumed in lying down, performed with the CR horizontal
decubitus
a movement by which the angle of a joint is decreased
flexion
a movement by which the angle of a joint is increased
extension
forcible overflexion of a limb or part
hyperflexion
extending a joint beyond the straight or neutral position
hyperextension
movement toward the central axis
adduction
movement away from the central axis
abduction
occurs in the forearm whereby the palm is turned backwards
pronation
occurs in the forearm whereby the palm is turned forwards
supination
anterior movement of an anatomical part, particularly the scapula
protraction
to turn or to bend the hand or wrist from the natural position toward the ulnar side
ulnar deviation
to turn or to bend the hand or wrist from the natural position toward the radial side
radial deviation
posterior movement of an anatomical part, particularly the scapula
retraction
movement in an inferior direction
depression
movement in a superior direction
elevation
movement of foot towards the leg
dorsiflexion
movement of the foot towards the
floor
plantarflexion
movement of a limb in a circular manner
circumduction
outward stress movement of the foot at the ankle joint
eversion
inward stress movement of the foot as applied to the foot without rotation of the leg
inversion
describes the bending of a part inward or toward the midline
varus
describes bending of a part away from the midline; sometimes used to describe eversion stress
valgus
the distance from the anode inside the x-ray tube to the IR
source to image receptor distance
is an unnecessary movement of the part under study
motion
3 types of muscular tissue that affect motion
smooth
cardiac
striated
heat pulsation
chill
peristalsis
tremor
spasm
pain
smooth or involuntary muscles
nervousness
discomfort
excitability
mental illness
fear
age
breathing
striated or voluntary muscles
depresses the diaphragm and abdominal viscera, lengthens and expands the lung fields, elevates the sternum and pushes it anteriorly, and elevates the ribs and reduces their angle near the spine
inspiration or inhalation
elevates the diaphragm and abdominal viscera, shortens the Lung fields, depresses the sternum, and lowers the ribs and Increases their angle near the spine
expiration or exhalation
body cavity that is surrounded by the rib cage and is separated from the abdominal cavity by the muscular diaphragm; divided into right and left parts by a median structure called the mediastinum
thoracic cavity
is bounded by the sternum anteriorly, lungs laterally and vertebral column posteriorly, contains all the thoracic structures except the lungs and pleura
mediastinum
body cavity that is bounded primarily by the abdominal muscles and contains the stomach, liver, pancreas, peritoneum, intestines, spleen, kidneys etc
abdominal cavity
body cavity that has a small space enclosed by the bones of the pelvis and contains the urinary bladder, part of large intestine and internal reproductive organs
pelvic cavity
conditions that require an ______ in technical factors
pneumonia
pleural effusion
hydrocephalus
enlarged heart
edema
ascites
increase
conditions that require a _______ in technical factors
old age
pneumothorax
emaciation
emphysema
atrophy
degenerative arthritis
decrease
is the easiest and most convenient method of preventing the spread of microorganisms
handwashing
is the term applied to a health professional’s moral responsibility and the science of appropriate conduct
toward others
ethics
