Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM


Top Flashcards (Certified)
All Flashcards

Y4 EQ - Orthopaedics > Upper hindlimb > Flashcards

Upper hindlimb Flashcards

1
Q

How many joints make up the stifle?

A

3

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

Name the 3 main bones of the stifle

A

Distal femur
Proximal tibia
Patella

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

Name the joints of the stifle

A

Femoropatellar
Medial femorotibial
Lateral femorotibial

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

Describe the communication between the joints of the stifle

A

Femoropatellar and medial femorotibial = 80%
Femoropatellar and lateral femorotibial = 10%

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

Name the soft tissue structures of the stifle

A
  • Menisci: medial and lateral
  • Meniscotibial/femoral ligaments
  • Cruciate ligaments
  • Patellar ligaments: medial, lateral and middle
  • Collateral ligaments: medial and lateral
  • Joint capsule
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

Which muscle attaches to the patellar?

A

Quadriceps

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

How does the quadriceps act on the tibia?

A

Through the patellar ligaments

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

Where do the patellar ligaments insert?

A

On the tibial tuberosity

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

If the ligaments of the stifle cannot be easily palpated what should be expected?

A

Effusion?

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

How is radiography used as an imaging modality for the stifle?

A

Imaging the stifle can be a challenge
Caudocranial; lateromedial; flexed LM; Caudolateral-Craniomedial Oblique; (skyline patella)
Check other limb!

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

How is ultrasound used as an imaging modality for the stifle?

A

Image patellar ligaments, collateral ligaments, part of meniscus and some of joint
Difficult for cruciate ligaments and most of meniscus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

Osteoarthritis dissecans is seen most commonly in which horses?

A

WBs>TBs
6mo-4years

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

Where in the stifle is most commonly affected by osteochondritis dissecans?

A

Lateral trochlear ridge>patella»>medial trochlear ridge

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

How does osteochondritis dissecans of the stifle present?

A

Stifle effusion
(Lameness)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

How does osteochondritis dissecans of the stifle present on radiography?

A

Subtle flattening
Subchondral bone lysis
Overt fragmentation

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

Describe conservative treatment for osteochondritis dissecans of the stifle

A

<12 mo
Dietary advice; exercise restriction
Monitor lameness

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

Describe surgical treatment for osteochondritis dissecans of the stifle

A

If >12 mo +/- lameness
Removal of osteochondral fragments
Curettage to healthy subchondral bone
Prognosis:
- 54-78% depending of lesion size
- If severe lesion = euthanasia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

What is another term for subchondral bone cyst?

A

Osseous cyst-like lesion (OCLL)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

When do horses most commonly present with Osseous cyst-like lesions?

A

Usually present later than OCD (1-3yrs+)
Also secondary to trauma

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

Where in the stifle is most commonly affected by with Osseous cyst-like lesions?

A

Usually medial femoral condyle
Also proximal tibia

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

How do horses with osseous cyst like lesions of the stifle present?

A

Lameness ++ - Can be intermittent/severe
+/- MFT/FP joint effusion - May require stifle block to confirm

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

Describe the treatment options for osseous cyst like lesions?

A

Inject joint - Intra-articular corticosteroids
Inject cyst under GA – Corticosteroids
Debride cyst under GA
Bone screw across cyst

23
Q

Describe the prognosis following treatment for osseous cyst like lesions of the stifle

A

Age-dependent
- 64% returned to soundness if <3yo
- 35% returned to soundness if >3yrs
Injecting cyst = 77% soundness

24
Q

Are meniscal and mensicotibial ligament injuries more common on the medial or lateral side?

25
Describe the importance of osteoarthritis in the stifle
The stifle is an unforgiving joint High motion
26
List the causes of osteoarthritis in the stifle
Trauma/soft tissue injury Secondary to fracture Sequelae to sepsis OCD/OCLL
27
How does osteoarthritis in the stifle appear on radiography?
New bone formation – osteophytes on multiple areas Mineralisation of the meniscus
28
How is osteoarthritis in the stifle diagnosed?
Moderate lameness +ve response to diagnostic analgesia Radiography (ultrasonography/scintigraphy)
29
How is osteoarthritis in the stifle treated?
Palliative NSAIDs; intra-articular medication
30
What is the most common cause of upper hindlimb fractures?
Usually traumatic in origin - Hitting fence/kick - Tibial stress fractures in racehorses
31
Tibial tuberosity fractures must not be misdiagnosed as?
Growth plate - Radiograph both legs to determine
32
Describe tibial tuberosity fractures
Kick injury +/- wound Conservative management good outcome (can repair)
33
How are patellar fractures managed?
Surgical removal (<1/3) or fixation
34
How are complete fractures of the femur/tibia treated?
- Adult or >250kg and/or comminuted/open = euthanasia - Foal or weanling = Possible to repair but need expertise+++ and high risk of complications!
35
Describe the aetiology of upward fixation of the patella
Medial pole of patellar hooks over medial trochlear ridge of femur (stay apparatus) Unlocked by quadriceps contraction Patellar has locked and then is stuck in that position – why? - Patellar ligaments are too tight - Quadriceps are too weak
36
Describe the clinical signs of upwards fixation of the patellar
- Poorly muscled/rested/muscle loss/straight hind limb conformation - Limb locked in extension and dragged -> Dorsal toe wear - Intermittent or persistent
37
Describe the treatment options for upwards fixation of the patellar
- Exercise/build up quadriceps muscle - Look for concurrent problem! - Splitting/injecting medial patellar ligament - Medial patellar desmotomy – associated with secondary patella fragmentation
38
Describe the main features of osteoarthritis of the coxofemoral joint
- Secondary to dysplasia, rupture of the teres ligament, trauma - Moderate to severe lameness - Intra-articular medication poor results - Usually results in euthanasia
39
Describe the main features of subluxation of the coxofemoral joint
Miniature breeds overrepresented Reports of repair (toggle/pin)
40
What is the main function of the pelvis?
Main role is to transfer hindlimb impulsion through to the back and propel the horse forwards
41
Describe the articulation of the sacroiliac joint
Atypical articulation: Sacral surface = hyaline cartilage Ilial surface = fibrocartilage
42
Where is the hemipelvis joined?
Pubic symphysis
43
Name the 4 bones of the pelvis
Ileum Ischium Acetabulum Pubis
44
Where in the pelvis can fractures occur?
Tuber coxae (“knocked down” hip) Ilial wing Ilial shaft Pubis/ischium Acetabulum
45
Why are ilial shaft fractures life threatening?
Iliac shaft fractures that are displaced are life threatening as this is where the iliac artery is located – sharp bone ends can sever artery and the horse will bleed out
46
Describe the aetiology of pelvic fractures
Trauma - Any horse End stage bone fatigue - Commonly racehorses - Ilial wing fractures in skeletally immature TBs
47
List the clinical signs of pelvic fractures
- Pain/swelling/muscle spasm/asymmetry - Lameness: may resolve quickly if the fracture is incomplete - Rectal examination (care!): Sharp discontinuity, Sub-fascial haematoma, Gentle rocking - Signs of shock - Nerve damage: muscle and anal tone - Muscle atrophy: chronic >2wks
48
Ultrasound is useful for diagnosis of which pelvic fractures?
Ilial wing, ilial shaft, tuber ischii and tuber coxae
49
How are pelvic fractures treated?
Pain relief - NSAIDs Box rest: - Major pelvic fractures: cross-tie for >1 month - Feed from floor several times daily - Can still displace! - 2 months box rest with daily walking out - 2 months field rest
50
Describe how horses with sacroiliac disease may present
1. Large-framed horses with long backs and weak quarter - Associated with Warmblood breeds - Dressage/showjumper activity 2. Lameness - Variable – severe in acute - Chronic, low grade, intermittent 3. Poor performance - Lack of impulsion - Resisting jumps 4. Pelvic asymmetry - Not always a feature! - Muscle atrophy 5. Pain/swelling - Sacroiliac pain +/-thoracolumbar pain
51
Describe the aetiology of sacroiliac disease
The ligamentous junction between the ileum and sacrum gets strained/stressed through poor performance and movement which leads to further poor performance and movement which then leads to lameness
52
Describe the acute treatment of sacroiliac disease
4-8 weeks box rest NSAIDs Physiotherapy - Massage/pain relief
53
Describe the chronic treatment of sacroiliac disease
1. Work + NSAIDS 2. Aim to build up limb/pelvic muscles - Pole work; weighted shoes/boots - Water treadmill - Lumbosacral stretching 3. Perilesional injection - Corticosteroids 4. Physiotherapy 5. Shockwave Analgesia

Y4 EQ - Orthopaedics (14 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2025 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions