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Y4 EQ - Orthopaedics > Axial Skeleton > Flashcards

Axial Skeleton Flashcards

1
Q

How many cervical vertebrae does a horse have?

A

7

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2
Q

Which cervical vertebrae have no specific identifiable features?

A

3rd, 4th and 5th

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3
Q

What is the name given to C1?

A

Atlas

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4
Q

What is the name given to C2?

A

Axis

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5
Q

Describe the features of C1

A

Develops in two lateral halves which gradually ossify

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6
Q

Describe the features of C2

A
  • Separate centres of ossification for the dens, head, body and caudal epiphysis.
  • The dens fuses with the head at approx 7 months
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7
Q

Compare the difference in size between C5, C6 and C7

A

C6 is shorter than C5
C7 is shorter than C6

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8
Q

Which cervical vertebrae may have a small dorsal spinous process which may be fairly prominant?

A

C7

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9
Q

How is T1 recognised?

A

Large dorsal spinous process

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10
Q

What are the presenting clinical signs of neck pain

A
  • Neck stiffness/pain/ ”locking”
  • Acute trauma
  • Poor performance/ problems performing specific manoeuvres
  • Ataxia (usually low grade but can be severe)
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11
Q

How can the neck be examined?

A
  • Visualisation: position, head carriage, position of limbs/gait
  • Palpation: symmetry, atrophy, pain, fasciculations/spasm
  • Range of motion: lateral, dorso-ventral flexion
  • Neurological exam
  • Dynamic exam: walking, trot, lunge, ridden
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12
Q

Which 4 issues to be ruled out when examining the neck?

A
  • Lameness
  • Back problems
  • Tack issues
  • Dentistry
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13
Q

Name 3 common conditions of the neck

A

Developmental - Cervical Vertebral Malformation
Degenerative - Osteoarthritis
Trauma - fractures

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14
Q

Name 3 rare conditions of the neck

A

Neoplasia
Congenital malformations
Infectious

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15
Q

‘Wobblers’ is a name given to which condition?

A

Cervical vertebral malformation

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16
Q

Which horses are predisposed to CVM?

A

Warmbloods, thoroughbreds

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17
Q

How does CVM appear on radiography

A

Varying spectrums of malformation of bones
- Narrowed spinal canal
- Luxations between vertebrae
- Arthritis

18
Q

Describe the features of cervical osteoarthritis

A
  • Aetiology: age, CVM, previous trauma
  • Cartilage erosion and subchondral bone sclerosis
  • Periarticular osteophytosis
  • Synovial cysts/soft tissue hypertrophy
19
Q

How is cervical OA treated?

A
  • NSAIDs
  • IA medications: corticosteroids, hyaluranon
  • Physiotherapy
  • Exercise
  • Often palliative Tx only
20
Q

What are the 3 negative prognostic indicators for cervical OA?

A

Severity of signs/radiographs
Young horse
Ataxia

21
Q

How do cervical fractures occur?

A

NH racehorses, event horses, point to point more at risk
Field injury/freak accident also possible
- Kicks from other horses
- Car accidents
- Horse running into objects because of fright

22
Q

What is the prognosis of a cervical fracture?

A
  • Dependant on location, configuration, open vs closed, single or polyostotic
  • Many are not treatable
  • Conservative treatment is often only realistic chance
  • Surgical repair – isolated reports in literature
23
Q

How many thoracic vertebrae are there in the horse?

A

18
13 in dog and cat

24
Q

How many lumbar vertebrae does a horse have?

A

6
7 in dog

25
Q

Which thoracic vertebrae is most identifiable? Why?

A

T15 - vertically inclined, the ones proximal of this are sloped caudally and the distal ones are sloped cranially

26
Q

What are the presenting signs of thoracolumbar spine conditions?

A
  • Poor performance
  • Behavioural changes
  • Uncomfortable when ridden/ “doesn’t feel right”
  • Stiffness in the back
  • Back spasms
  • Difficulty in being tacked up
  • Bucking/rearing
27
Q

How would diseases of the thoracolumbar spine present on physical exam?

A
  • Specific to the back
  • Obvious swellings: fractured withers/acute supraspinous desmitis/muscle haematoma/poor fitting saddle
  • Presence of white hairs: may represent poor saddle fit, esp behind withers
28
Q

How would diseases of the thoracolumbar spine present on palpation?

A

Abnormal reactions include:
- Ears back/teeth grinding/biting/kicking/tail swishing
- Muscle fasciculations
- Guarding or splinting of back in anticipation
- Bucking/rearing

29
Q

How can you flex a horses back?

A

Use blunt object
Cranial to caudal then lateral
- Thoracolumbar extension then thoracolumbar flexion
- Lateral excursion away from stimulus (lateroflexion)
- Note breed differences (TB versus Cob)

30
Q

Which part of a dynamic exam is most useful for back examination?

A

Lunge
- Muscle fasciculations/spasms/guarding/splinting
- Breaking into canter
- Head held forward/neck extended
- Lack of hindlimb impulsion

31
Q

How does fractures of the withers occur?

A

Trauma - falling over backwards

32
Q

How is fracture of the withers managed?

A

Rest = 2-3months box rest
NSAIDs
Fibrous union
Long-term outcome fair/good

33
Q

How is saddle induced trauma treated?

A

Rest/ice
Ultrasound therapy
Low-powered laser for indolent wounds
Correct inciting cause

34
Q

Which ligament can be damaged in the back?

A

Supraspinous

35
Q

What are the clinical signs of supraspinous ligament damage?

A
  • Rigid gait/head elevated/reduced stride
  • Heat/pain/swelling (acute)
  • Thickening (chronic)
36
Q

How is supraspinous ligament damage diagnosed?

A

US

37
Q

How is supraspinous ligament damage treated? acute vs chronic?

A

Acute: Cold compress/NSAIDs/Rest
Chronic: Physiotherapy (e.g. therapeutic ultrasound; Equissage; stretching/belly lifts); showckwave (?)

38
Q

How is impingement of the dorsal spinous processes diagnosed?

A

Common finding!
Probable conformational as well as degenerative underlying aetiology
Radiography:
- Confirm significance
- Intra-lesional LA
- Exclude other causes of pain first

39
Q

How is impingement of the dorsal spinous processes treated?

A
  1. Medical/Conservative
    e.g. PBZ, shockwave therapy, physiotherapy
    e.g. removal of dorsal spinous processe
  2. Surgical = Remove all or part of the affected DSP’s
40
Q

Describe the anatomical features of the lumbar spine

A
  • Wide transverse processes and wide dorsal spinous processes
  • A lot of fat and muscle in the area can make it hard to radiograph
  • 6 vertebrae
41
Q
A

Y4 EQ - Orthopaedics (14 decks)

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