Upper GI Tract

Question 1

What is the hard palate?

Answer 1

Palatine bone and maxilla

Question 2

What is the soft palate?

Answer 2

Muscles covered in mucous membrane - prevent things from going up into nasal cavity

Question 3

Salivary glands produce _______ that help with several process related to digestion.

Answer 3

saliva

Question 4

saliva is made of what?

Answer 4

water, mucus and enzymes

Question 5

how does saliva help with chemical digestion?

Answer 5

Salivary amylase starts with carbohydrate digestion

Question 6

What type of epithelial cells line the pharynx & esophagus? Why?

Answer 6

stratified squamous- prevent scraping

Question 7

What type of muscle is found in the muscular layer of the esophagus?

Answer 7

mix of skeletal in upper part to smooth in lower part

Question 8

What are three roles of the stomach

Answer 8

1- store food
2- mechanical digestion
3- initial chemical digestion (proteins)

Question 9

What are sphincters?

Answer 9

rings of muscle at top and bottom of stomach controlling movement of food in and out

Question 10

what is chyme?

Answer 10

mix of food traveling through digestive tract

Question 11

what are the two sphincters called?

Answer 11

Lower esophageal sphincter
Pyloric sphincter

Question 12

What type of muscle tissue makes up the lower esophageal and pyloric sphincters?

Answer 12

smooth

Question 13

Which type of motor neuron would you expect to trigger relaxation of the pyloric sphincter (causing it to open)?

Answer 13

Parasympathetic

Question 15

what is Rugae?

Answer 15

allow the stomach to expand

Question 16

Why would you want more muscle layers in the stomach?

Answer 16

improve mechanical digestion

Question 17

mucosa layer is covered in small depressions called ______ ____. What do these do?

Answer 17

gastric pits- have gastric glands

Question 18

Compared to most tissues, the pH of the stomach is __________.

Answer 18

low

Question 19

Chief cells secrete what?

Answer 19

pepsinogen

Question 20

what is pepsinogen converted to?

Answer 20

pepsin by HCL (active form for protein digestion)

Question 21

What do parietal cells secrete?

Answer 21

HCL- helps denature (unfold) proteins

Question 22

Enteroendocrone (EE) cells secrete which two hormones?

Answer 22

Gastrin- stimulates parietal cells to release HCL and chief cells to release pepsinogen
Histamine- stimulates release of acid

Question 23

why does chyme enter the small intestine in a slow, controlled manner?

Answer 23

to maximize absorption

Question 24

What are the parts of the intestine in order?

Answer 24

Duodenum- digestion (pancreatic juices/bile enter here)
Jejunum
Ileum

Question 25

what is the purpose of villi and microvilli?

Answer 25

helps improve the surface area for absorption of nutrients

Question 26

The mucosa layer of the intestine has ______ similar to gastric pits.

Answer 26

crypts

Question 27

what do crypt contain?

Answer 27

absorptive cells, mucus producing cells, intestinal enteroendocrine cells

Question 28

What do enteroendocrine cells secrete?

Answer 28

Secretin- stimulates pancreas and liver, promote insulin release
Cholecystokinin- stimulate pancreas, liver, gallbladder, inhibits stomach function

Question 29

Where is the Pancreas located?

Answer 29

by the duodenum

Question 30

what two organs share a common entry point into the duodenum?

Answer 30

Pancreas and Gallbladder

Question 31

What are the two main functions of the Pancreas?

Answer 31

produce digestive enzymes and secrete insulin/glucagon

Question 32

difference between endocrine and exocrine glands

Answer 32

Exocrine glands: secrete into ducts (acing cells)
Endocrine glands: secrete directly into blood stream (Langerhans)

Question 33

what neutralizes acid in the small intestine?

Answer 33

sodium bicarbonate

Question 34

CCK and secretin produced in the small intestine trigger release of what to break down chyme?

Answer 34

pancreatic juices

Question 35

What are the functions of the liver and gallbladder?

Answer 35

bile is secreted by liver cells and stored in the gallbladder. The gallbladder will release bile into the duodenum via vild duct.

Question 36

Neurons and hormones will stimulate the _______ layer in the gallbladder to contract and release bile into the duodenum?

Answer 36

muscularis

Question 37

Which of the following macromolecules would be difficult to digest if a gallstone blocked the gallbladder?

Answer 37

Lipids

Question 38

What are the roles of…
bile salts
cholesterol
bile pigments

Answer 38

bile salts: digestion of fat
cholesterol: produced in and removed by liver as waste
bile pigments: Bilirubin is breakdown of hemoglobin- is toxic and must be removed