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Biology 163 > Respiratory Physiology > Flashcards

Respiratory Physiology Flashcards

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1
Q

How is oxygen transported throughout the body?

A

Less than 2% dissolved in plasma
Over 98% is bound to hemoglobin in red blood cells

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2
Q

How is Carbon Dioxide transported through the body?

A

10% dissolved in plasma
20% bound to hemoglobin in RBC
70% converted to bicarbonate ions in RBC- also results in H+ (protons)

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3
Q

External respiration occurs where?

A

across the respiratory membrane= alveolus + capillary

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4
Q

The respiratory membrane separates what?

A

air and blood

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5
Q

What is Daltons Law

A

Each gas contributes a partial pressure to the total overall pressure of atmosphere

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6
Q

What is Henry’s Law?

A

Gases dissolve in liquids based on their partial pressures and solubility

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7
Q

How do we know how readily gases dissolve into a liquid?

A

1) solubility in liquid, 2) partial pressure (higher PP to lower PP- always follow their own pressure gradient)

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8
Q

If the partial pressure of oxygen is 40 mmHg in the interstitial fluid of muscle tissue of your leg and 95 mmHg in the blood of the arterial end of the capillary bed associated with that muscle, which way will oxygen diffuse?

A

Into the muscle cells

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9
Q

why don’t RBC live long?

A

they dont have a nuclei or mitochondria - LOTS of hemoglobin

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10
Q

what filters dying blood cells for removal?

A

the spleen

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11
Q

what is hemopoiesis?

A

the production of elements in red bone marrow

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12
Q

where is red bone marrow primarily found?

A

in spongy bone

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13
Q

what differentiates to produce “formed elements”?

A

blood stem cells

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14
Q

When RBC count drops, tissues become _____-_______. Specialized cells in the ____ and ____- sense the decrease in oxygen and release the hormone ____________ to stimulate RBC production.

A

oxygen-deficient
liver and kidney
erythropoietin (EPO)

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15
Q

When RBC count drops, specialized cells in the liver and kidneys sense the decrease in oxygen and release erythropoietin. This is an example of __________.

A

negative feedback

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16
Q

You are hiking in the Rockies and experience shortness in breath and dizziness due to hypoxia. This occurs because at higher elevation, there is less of a pressure gradient to promote oxygen diffusion across the respiratory membrane.
How would you predict your body will respond to maintain homeostasis?

A

Increase erythropoietin production (upping production of RBC)

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17
Q

Oxygen is transported directly by red blood cells via what protein?

A

hemoglobin

18
Q

how does hemoglobin work?

A

Hemoglobin has four subunits- each subunit binds to one molecule of O2 to the iron with each heme group. Hemoglobin drops off oxygen where it is needed.

19
Q

Equation where carbon dioxide is converted to carbonic acid in red blood cells

A

CO2+H2O ⇔ Carbonic Acid ⇔ Bicarbonate + H+

20
Q

what happens if you increase the concentration of reactants? increase concentration of products?

A

will drive the reaction to right
will drive reaction to the left

21
Q

why will carbon dioxide levels always balance with bicarbonate and vice verse?

A

because carbonic acid is unstable

22
Q

which numbers are more acidic/more basic?

A

lower= more acidic
higher= more basic

23
Q

Acidic substances have a ____ amount of H+ ions dissociated than basic substances.

A

higher

24
Q

If carbon dioxide levels rise too high, the production of protons will _______________ and this will cause pH to _________________.

A

increase
lower

25
Q

If CO2 levels rise too high what happens?

A

Hypercapnia- H+ will increase, cause lower pH creating acidosis (acidic blood)

26
Q

If CO2 levels drop what occurs?

A

Hypocapnia- decrease in H+, raises pH creating Alkalosis (basic blood)

27
Q

How does the nervous system monitor and maintain pH homeostasis?

A

used the respiratory, cardiovascular, and urinary systems.

28
Q

How does respiratory rate help control blood pH?

A

Afferent neurons supply sensory input
Interneurons integrate sensory input at respiratory centers in brain (in ponds and medulla)
Efferent neurons cause a response

29
Q

are the respiratory neurons somatic or autonomic? why?

A

somatic - we can control skeletal muscles of thoracic cavity

30
Q

what are the different kinds of afferent neurons?

A

stretch receptors: prevent overinflation of lungs
irritant receptors: cough
proprioceptors: tell brain to increase rest rate to remove O2 during activity
Chemoreceptors: detect CO2 in blood- sometimes O2

31
Q

1- Central chemoreceptors are located where? what do they measure?
2- Peripheral chemoreceptors are located where? what do they measure?

A

1- located in brainstem - respond to CO2 levels
2- located in major arteries - Monitor H+

32
Q

interneurons of respiratory centers communicate with each other for what?

A

set rhythm of inspiration/ expiration
respond to sensory input and determine what motor output is needed

33
Q

Inspiratory neurons target the _______ and _______ intercostal muscles.

A

diaphragm
external

34
Q

Expiratory neurons target ______ intercostal muscles and ______.

A

internal
abs

35
Q

Inspiratory- inhaling – ________ (inc/dec) volume of thoracic cavity
Expiratory neurons- exhaling- ________(inc/dec) volume of thoracic cavity

A

increase
decrease

36
Q

action potentials lead to contraction of intercostal muscles and diaphragm causing ________. Relaxing of this muscle leads to ________.

A

inhalation
exhalation

37
Q

Increased rate of action potentials (altered by sensory input) from interneurons in brain center does what?

A

increases respiratory rate

38
Q

when are expiratory neurons used?

A

used in “forced/ active” breathing

39
Q

Blood has to get to the lungs to unload carbon dioxide. Logically, what should happen when this waste builds up in the blood? what type of visceral efferent neurons are stimulated?

A

speed the movement of blood to the lungs
cardioacceleratory

40
Q

integration occurs where?

A

in the CNS

41
Q

Respiratory results in ______ motor output, cardiovascular results in ________ motor output.

A

somatic
autonomic

Biology 163 (6 decks)

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