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Alimentary System: Physiology SA > Upper GI structure > Flashcards

Upper GI structure Flashcards

1
Q

What is the purpose of chewing

A

Prolong taste experience

Defence against respiratory failure - prevent blockage of airways

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2
Q

How is chewing voluntarily controlled

A

Somatic nerves innervating the skeletal muscle of jaw/mouth

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3
Q

What is pathway of the reflex control of chewing

A

Contraction of jaw muscle, which creates a pressure of food against the gums/hard palate and tongue

This pressure stimulates mechanoreceptor, that inhibit jaw muscles,

This then reduce pressure causing jaw to contract again

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4
Q

What is the three salivary glands and where do they sit in reference to the oral cavity

A

Sublingual - Underneath the tongue

Submandibular - underneath the jaw

Partoid - Largest and sits above

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5
Q

What is the 5 components found in salvia

A 
Water 
Muccins 
Alpha amylase 
Electrolytes 
Lysozyme
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6
Q

What is the purpose of water in saliva

A

Softens, moistens and dilute particles creating a solvent to ease digestion

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7
Q

What does Muccins combins with to form Mucus

What is the Purpose of Mucus

A

Water and Muccins creates Mucus

Mucus is a viscous solution with a lubricant function

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8
Q

What is the function of alpha amylase

A

Catalyses the brakdown of polysaccaharides / complex carbohydrates into glucose

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9
Q

What is the purpose of the electrolytes in the saliva

A

Control the tonicity and ph

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10
Q

What is the purpose of lysozyme in salvia

A

Baceriocidal, kills of unwanted components at first entry part of the body

(by breaking down polysaccharide component of bacterial cell wall)

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11
Q

What kind of gland is a salvia gland

A

Exocrine gland -releases its secretions external to the body

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12
Q

What stimulates watery salivary secretion

A

parasympathetic intervention via the cranial nerves facial + glossopharnygeal

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13
Q

What stimulates viscous salvia with high mucus content

A

Sympathetic intervention through alpha 1 adrenoreceptros

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14
Q

What stimulates viscous salvia with a high amylase content

A

Sympathetic intervention of beta 2 adrenoceptors

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15
Q

How does reflex control work in the secret of saliva

A

The presence of food in the mouth stimulates the chemceptors due to the pressure in the mouth, triggering the secretion of saliva

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16
Q

What is the cell arrangement of the mucosa layer in the oesophagus

A

Mucosa is a Non keratinised stratified squamous epithelium

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17
Q

Why isn’t keratin present in the oesophagus

A

Needs to remain flexible

18
Q

What Layer of the oesophagus is is mucous glands and serous glands present and what is their function

A

Found in submucosa layer

Mucus glands produce mucus for lubrication

serous glands produces amylase

19
Q

Why is the superior part of the oesophageal muscular extern layer skeletal and the inferior part is smooth muscle

A

Skeletal muscle present in the upper third for the swallowing reflex

20
Q

What helps regulate material in and out of oesophagus

A

Upper and lower spinchters

21
Q

What happens in oral phase of swallowing

A

You voluntarily chose to swallow and bolus is pushed back to the mouth by the tongue

22
Q

What starts of the sequence of the pharyngel phase

A

The presence of the bolus (chewed food)

23
Q

What co-ordiantes the relflex contractions of the pharyngeal muscles

A

The swallowing centre in the medulla

24
Q

What is the first reflex of the pharyngeal phase

A

Soft palate reflected backward and upward (closes off nasopharynx)

25
Q

What happens as the bolus approaches the oesophagus in the pharyngeal phase of swallowing

A

Upper oseophageal sphincter relaxes and epiglottis covers opening to larynx (prevents food entering trachea)

26
Q

What is the affect of the epiglottis covering the opening of the larynx when you swallow

A

Breathing is inhibited

27
Q

What happens once food has entered the oesophagus in the pharyngeal phase

A

Upper Oesophageal spinchter contracts
Epiglottis opens again
Prevents reflux of food

28
Q

In the oesophageal phase how is the bolus propelled to the stomach and how long does this take

A

Through a peristaltic wave

Propelled in 10 seconds

29
Q

What happens to the lower oesophageal spinchter as the bolus enters the stomach

A

Lower oesophageal spinchter relaxes

30
Q

What is initiated following the relaxation of the lower oesophageal sphincter and the bolus entering the stomach

A

Receptive relaxation of the stomach

31
Q

What occurs in receptive relaxation of the stomach

A

Relaxation of thin, elastic smooth muscles of the fundus and the body of the stomach which therefore increases the volume of the stomach

32
Q

What coordinated the receptive relaxation of the stomach

A

Vagal reflexes

33
Q

What is the overall functions of the stomach

A

Temporary store of ingested material
Dissolve food particles and initiate digestive process
Control delivery of contents to small intestine
Sterilise ingested material
Produce intrinsic factor (Vitamin B12 absorption)

34
Q

What does the stomach overall control the rate of

A

Digestion

35
Q

hat is the three different parts of the stomach

A 
Top = Fundus 
Middle = Body 
Bottom = Antrum
36
Q

What is the muscular changes in the stomach from top to bottom and why

A

Muscle at the Top/Fundus is thinner
Muscle moving down the stomach becomes thicker to help in the contractions of digestion and to squeeze products of digestion out into the duodenum

37
Q

What is the two normal muscle layers of the stomach and the third additional muscle layer found at the bottom of the stomach

A

Longitudinal - outer
Circular - middle

Additional:
Oblique muscle layer - inner

38
Q

Where is the cardiac region located on the stomach

A

In-between the lower oesophageal spinchter and the funds

39
Q

Where is the pyloric spinchter located

A

In the pyloric region that sits above the duodenum

40
Q

Why doesn’t stomach stretch when increasing in volume

A

As submucosa and mucosaa are arranged as folded (Rugae) when the stomach is empty

41
Q

What is present on the lumenal surface of the stomach (in the mucosa)

A 
Gastric pits (Surface mucus cells)
Gastric glands (Mucus neck cells +parietal cells + chief cells + G cells + D cells )

Alimentary System: Physiology SA (9 decks)

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