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GI Week 1 > Upper GI Micro > Flashcards

Upper GI Micro Flashcards

1
Q

name the two obligate anaerobe classes that are important for upper GI

A

clostridium

bacteriodes

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2
Q

name the two facultative anaerobes that are important in the upper GI

A

E coli

candida

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3
Q

what is a microaerophile? name the one that is important in the upper GI tract

A

helicobacter…require less O2 than atmoshpher

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4
Q

what does it mean to be aerotolerant? name the important one for upper GI

A

do not need O2 but can be in presence of it

lactobacillus

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5
Q

are anaerobes or aerobes more common in gut flora?

A

anaerobes by a ton

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6
Q

what are the two predominant phyla in the gut?

A

bacteroidetes and firmicutes

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7
Q

in GI infections…is it usually just anaerobe, just aerobe or a mix of both that cause the infection?

A

a mix of both

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8
Q

supragingival plaque associated biofilms are formed by what class of organisms? are they aerobes or anaerobes?

A

gram pos…aerobes/erotolerant

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9
Q

what is the common gram positive bacteria that causes supragingival plaques?

A

actinomyces

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10
Q

subgingival plaque is associated with what class of bugs?

A

anaerobic gram negativ

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11
Q

what bug is most common to cause subgingival plaque?

A

bacteroides

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12
Q

is bacteroides gram neg or pos? what shape? anaerobe or aerobe?

A

gram neg
anaerobe
bacilli

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13
Q

name the bacteroides specie that is involved with close to 80% of anaerobic GI infections

A

bacteroides fragilis

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14
Q

can bacteroides attach to epithelial cells and enter by themselves? if not how do they infect?

A

no…they have to use an injury to gain access

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15
Q

is actinomyces gram neg or pos? what shape? anaerobe or aerobe?

A

pos
anaerobe
bacilli

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16
Q

why is actinomyces confused as a fungi sometimes?

A

because it has branching patterns

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17
Q

what is actinomycosis? where does it occur on the body?

A

infection with actinomyces israeli…often in the jaw

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18
Q

what does actinomycosis occur after usually?

A

dental procedures

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19
Q

what does actinmycosis cause in the jaw that is a sign of it?

A

sulfur granules

20
Q

is clostridium gram neg or pos? what shape? anaerobe or aerobe?

A

pos
anaerobe
bacilli

21
Q

what are the clear ends on clostridium bacili?

A

endospores…for spore forming

22
Q

what bacteria ferments carbs, fatty and amino acids and makes a foul smell when doing so?

A

clostridium

23
Q

what clostridium species are associated with gas gangrene?

A

c perfringem and c septicum

24
Q

c perfringes and c septicum are associated with gas gangrene…which of these can spread in the blood and why can it do that?

A

c septicum can spread because it is slightly aerotolerant

25
Q

which clostridium species causes food poisoning?

A

c botulinum

26
Q

what is an endotoxin? what is an exotoxin? what is enterotoxin?

A

endotoxin is LPS from gram neg membrane
exotoxin is secreted toxin from bacteria
enterotoxin is secreted toxins that target enteric cells

27
Q

the toxin from c botulinum has what effect?

A

prevents stimulatory NTs from being released…paralysis

28
Q

the toxin from c tetani has what effect?

A

prevent release of inhibitory NTs…spasticity

29
Q

the toxin from c perfringens has what effect?

A

degrades tissue and cell membranes

30
Q

the toxin from c difficile has what effect?

A

cytoxic and inflammatory effects

31
Q

which organism often causes gas gangrene following surgery?

A

c perfringens

32
Q

which organism causes spontaneous gas gangrene?

A

c septicum

33
Q

how does spontaneous gas gangrene occur?

A

break in GI mucosa allows C septicum to enter bloodstream

34
Q

what is present in spontaneous gas gangrene and can be seen on surface of skin

A

gas…gas pockets on skin

35
Q

what two organisms often cause peritonitis?

A

E coli and B fragilis

36
Q

name the three antibiotics that are always effective against anaerobes

A

metronidazole
carbapenems
B lactams

37
Q

name the three antibiotics that are never effective against anaerobes

A

aminoglycosides
bactrim
aztreonam

38
Q

how do we treat esophagitis caused by candida?

A

fluconazole

39
Q

describe the steps in helicobacter pylori pathogenesis

A

flagella help it attach and be motile
urease converts urea to ammonia and CO2 to raise local pH
bacteria can replicate
mucinases and other effectors can damage cell and induce inflammation

40
Q

what is the virulence factor that makes H pylori much more infectious?

A

cytotoxin associated genes

41
Q

where do cytotoxin associated genes reside in H pylori? can they be transmitted between strands?

A

on a pathogenecity island that can jump between strands

42
Q

what is the enzyme that is necessary for H pylori to live?

A

must have urease

43
Q

with ulcers from H pylori…what two drugs do you give?

A

antibiotic combo plus a PPI

44
Q

name the five most common H pylori test…which is most common?

A 
serology
stool antigen test
urea breath test (most common)
rapid urease test
histology
45
Q

what is the shape of H pylori? where is it seen on histo?

A

curved bacili

attached to epithelial cells in the GI tract

GI Week 1 (5 decks)

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