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406- Lower GI > Upper GI > Flashcards

Upper GI Flashcards

1
Q

The oral cavity includes the mouth and pharynx, where amylose digests amylose and amylopectin, which are ___________.

A

Carbohydrates: Starches

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2
Q

2 enzymes in the stomach are Gastric lipase and ____.

A

Pepsin

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3
Q

HCl activates _______ into pepsin so that it can digest protein.

A

Pepsinogen

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4
Q

________ LES pressure can increase the risk of GERD because relaxation can allow HCL and other contents to reflux back up.

A

Decreased

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4
Q

T/F: GERD is more chronic than GER.

A

True

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5
Q

T/F; Diagnosis, treatment, and complications of GERD and esophagitis are similar, if not the same.

A

True

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6
Q

T/F: The hiatus separates the esophagus and the stomach, the entire stomach is below the hiatus, but with a hiatal hernia, a portion of the stomach is above the hiatus. This increases the risk of GERD and esophagitis.

A

True

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7
Q

______ gastric emptying can contribute to reflux.

A

Delayed

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8
Q

Extended _______ can damage the lining of the esophagus.

A

Intubation

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8
Q

GERD can progress to esophagitis, esophagitis can progress to _____ ______ which can then progress to esophageal cancer.

A

Barrett’s esophagitis

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9
Q

An ____ GI series is used to diagnose GERD and esophagitis where the patient consumes liquids mixed with Barium. Barium provides a contrast seen on X- rays for physicians to see the contents move through the upper GI tract.

A

Upper

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10
Q

Barrett’s esophagitis is a ____- ________ condition where cells of the esophagus become abnormal.

A

Pre- cancerous

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11
Q

T/F: Stomach ulcers are a potential complication of upper GI disorders.

A

True

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11
Q

T/F: GERD (gastroesophageal reflux disease) is caused by increased LES pressure.

A

False (GERD is associated with decreased LES pressure)

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12
Q

Diagnosis of upper GI disorders may involve imaging techniques like endoscopy.

A

True

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12
Q

T/F: Smoking can increase the risk of upper GI disorders, specifically GERD as it decreases LES pressure.

A

True

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13
Q

Which of the following conditions is primarily associated with decreased LES pressure?

A) GERD
B) Celiac disease
C) Peptic ulcer disease
D) Crohn’s disease

A

A) GERD

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14
Q

What is a common symptom of upper GI disorders?

A) Heartburn
B) Constipation
C) Jaundice
D) Hemorrhoids

A

A) Heartburn

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15
Q

Which of the following is a common diagnostic tool for upper GI disorders?

A) MRI
B) Endoscopy
C) Ultrasound
D) Colonoscopy

A

B) Endoscopy

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16
Q

For managing GERD through medical nutrition therapy, which of the following foods is recommended to be limited?

A) Leafy greens
B) Spicy foods
C) Whole grains
D) Lean meats

A

B) Spicy foods

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16
Q

T/F: Proton pump inhibitors decrease the production of acid from the parietal cells in the stomach, resulting in less damage to the esophagus.

A

True

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17
Q

T/F: Histamine usually stimulates the acid production from parietal cells in the stomach, H2 blockers block histamines affect on the stomach cells to decrease acid production.

A

True

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18
Q

T/F: H2 blockers such as Zantac, Pepcid, and tagment are intended for long-term use.

A

False, short term

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19
Q

T/F: PPIs such as Prilosec, Protonix, and Nexium are intended for short-term use.

A

False, long term

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20
Q

T/F: Antacids decrease acid in the stomach and are used to treat GERD

A

False, they buffer acid in the stomach and are used for occasional heartburn

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21
Q

T/F: Pro-kinetic agents such as reglan/metoclopramide, delay gastric emptying

A

False, pro-kinetics promote gastric emptying, they help contents of the stomach to exit fast to prevent contents from refluxing back up.

22
Q

If medicine doesn’t work for GERD and esophagitis symptoms, __________ may be done, which is a surgery that wraps the upper part of the stomach around the lower part of the esophagus to prevent stomach contents from refluxing back up.

A

Fundoplication

23
Q

Dietary changes such as avoiding chocolate, mint, tomatoes, caffeine, alcohol, and high _____ meals, are recommended for patients with GERD and esophagitis

A

Fat

24
Q

T/F: Chocolate and mint relax the LES pressure, which should be avoided with GERD and esophagitis.

A

True

25
Q

T/F: Laying down after eating is recommended for GERD and esophagitis patients.

A

False, Staying upright is recommend

26
Q

H. Pylori is a bacteria _______ to the acid in the stomach.

A

Resistant

26
Q

Gastritis is inflammation of the stomach and the primary cause is a ______ infection, which is why an antibody test should be the first test conducted on someone with gastritis.

A

H. Pylori

27
Q

Complications of gastritis include atrophy of parietal cells resulting in ________ due to decreased stomach acid production.

A

Achlorhydria

28
Q

T/F: Intrinsic factor is produced by parietal cells in the stomach and is essential for the absorption of vitamin B12 in the small intestine, gastritis can inhibit this process.

A

True

29
Q

Diagnosis of gastritis include an endoscopy and an H Pylori ______ test.

A

Antibody

29
Q

Treatment of gastritis include avoiding mucosal irritants such as NSAID’s, but also antibiotics for H. Pylori infection or _____ to temporarily decrease stomach acid production to decrease infection.

A

PPI’s

30
Q

____ and ____ should be supplemented with gastritis since they require acidic environments to be absorbed.

A

Iron and B2

31
Q

Omega 3 fatty acids and ______ can also be used to treat gastritis as they can decrease inflammation.

A

Probiotics

32
Q

______ infection is one of the most common cause of ulcers.

A

H. pylori

33
Q

Complications of ulcers include anemia through _______.

A

Hemmorrrhage

34
Q

T/F: Peptic ulcers only include the stomach.

A

False, both stomach and duodenum can have peptic ulcers

35
Q

T/F: Diagnosis of gastritis is an endoscopy.

A

True

36
Q

Treatment of gastritis would be antibiotics if an H pylori infection, a PPI, or a sucralfate to _____ the pepsin activity of the stomach.

A

Decrease

37
Q

T/F: Spicy foods, coffee and alcohol cause ulcers.

A

False, they can irritate ulcers

38
Q

Any gastric surgery can cause _______ syndrome which is a condition where fluids or food move too quickly into the duodenum from the stomach.

A

Dumping

39
Q

Early dumping syndrome is between 10- ___ minutes of eating and can cause abdominal fullness and nausea because the fluid shifts from the blood stream to the bowels.

A

30

40
Q

Intermediate dumping syndrome is between 30- 1 hour of eating and cause cramps, bloating, flatulence and diarrhea primarily due to ________, because contents are moving too quickly and are not all the way digested and absorbed.

A

Malabsorption

41
Q

Late dumping syndrome is between 1- ____ hours of eating and can cause reactive hypoglycemia due to causing a quick spike in blood sugar and an overactive insulin response, resulting in low blood sugar.

A

3

42
Q

Treatment of dumping syndrome is acarbose to delay CHO absorption and orecotide to inhibit ____ release.

A

Insulin

43
Q

T/F: Lying down after meals is recommended for dumping syndrome to delay gastric emptying.

A

True

44
Q

T/F: Eating small meals spread throughout the day can improve absorption and reduce fluid shifts in people with dumping syndrome.

A

True

45
Q

T/F: Secondary lactose intolerance is commonly developed after gastric surgeries, so lactose may cause issues in individuals with dumping syndrome.

A

True

46
Q

T/F: Fiber intake should be minimized entirely for people with dumping syndrome.

A

False (Fibrous foods are included but caution is advised with large particles or supplements)

47
Q

T/F: A diet high in protein and low in fat is recommended for managing dumping syndrome.

A

False (Moderate-fat foods are recommended along with high protein)

48
Q

T/F: Concentrated sweets, such as juices and cakes, are generally well tolerated by individuals with dumping syndrome.

A

False (Only very small quantities of hypertonic, concentrated sweets should be ingested)

49
Q

T/F: Drinking large amounts of liquids with meals is advised to slow down GI transit.

A

False (Large amounts of liquids with meals can hasten GI transit)

50
Q

In gastroparesis the food stays in the stomach, which can be caused by ____ infection, diabetes and surgery.

A

Viral

51
Q

To diagnose gastroparesis, ___________ is preferred over endoscopy because it determines the rate of stomach emptying over a 4-hour period.

A

Scintigraphy

52
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406- Lower GI (4 decks)

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