Diabetes Flashcards
T/F: Prediabetes is when blood sugar levels are borderline and can lead to diabetes.
True
CDC’s National Diabetes and Prevention program recommends pre-diabetic pateints improve their eating habits, increase physical activity, and if overweight/obese lose ___ - 10% to decrease blood sugar
7
Type 1 diabetes is characterized by a defect in ______ production or secretion because the beta cells of the pancreas become destroyed.
Insulin
Juvenile diabetes and IDDM (insulin-dependent diabetes Mellitus) were also terms for type __ diabetes.
1
T/F: LATA (latent autoimmune disease of the adult) is similar to type 1 diabetes, except the onset is usually in adulthood, whereas type 1 is usually diagnosed earlier in childhood/before age 30.
True
T/F: Like type 1 diabetes, LATA requires insulin right away.
False, it is a gradual destruction of the beta cells and does not require insulin right away
T/F: LATA and type 1 diabetes both have auto-antibodies in the blood because they are both autoimmune diseases.
True
A defect in insulin action characterizes type 2 diabetes, the cells are _____ to insulin.
Resistant
Prolonged type 2 diabetes may result in beta cells ____ function over time, which may require insulin.
Losing
T/F: Type 2 diabetes only affects adults.
False, more children are being diagnosed with type 2 diabetes.
Remission of type 2 diabetes is when patients can maintain normal blood sugar levels for at least a ____ without using insulin or medicine.
Year
T/F: Patients with type 1 diabetes can experience remission.
False, their beta cells are damaged which requires them to use insulin.
Gestational Diabetes Mellitus is usually ______ because hormonal changes affect blood glucose.
Temporary
Screening for GDM is conducted between the ____ and 28th week of pregnancy using an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT).
24th
Risk factors for GDM include advanced maternal age, obesity, family or prior history of GDM, certain ethnic groups, lifestyle factors, and _____.
PCOS (due to insulin resistance.)
Gestation diabetes usually forms during the ______ trimester.
Second
T/F: Hormonal factors can result in GDM despite the woman being perfectly healthy.
True
Women with GDM can give birth early or deliver a baby with a higher _____ ______ due to glucose entering the placenta and the baby producing more insulin which promotes fat storage in the baby.
Birth weight
Babies born to mothers with GDM are at risk for neonatal _______ because the body is used to the mom’s glucose, thus producing more insulin even after delivery.
Hypoglycemia
A mother with GDM and her child are both at risk of developing Type __ diabetes later in life.
2
T/F: GDM causes birth defects and genetic abnormalities.
False
Treatment for GDM during pregnancy is insulin or insulin ______ since insulin is normally produced by the body.
Analogs
Other medications are not usually prescribed to moms with GDM as they have side effects unknown to the baby and the mom, but ______ has been shown to not be harmful during pregnancy.
Metformin
After delivery, screening for type 2 diabetes is recommended at __ - 12 weeks postpartum, and continue screening at least every __ years.
4, 3
MNT for GDM includes about ___ % of kcals coming from CHO.
40
T/F: In GDM, the highest amount of blood sugar and insulin resistance is at night and 1 serving of a simple/refined CHO, such as milk, fruit, and cereal, is recommended.
False, blood sugar and insulin resistance are highest in the morning due to blood sugar changes overnight. 1 serving of a COMPLEX CHO with fiber is recommended.
Alternative sweeteners can be safe to consume during pregnancy, however, _____ should be avoided because it can cross the placenta.
Saccharin
__________ helps reduce the risk of GDM moms and children from developing type 2 diabetes later in life.
Breastfeeding
Fasting Blood Glucose levels greater than or equal to ____ mg/dl is a diagnostic criterion of diabetes.
126
Casual Blood Glucose (glucose levels throughout the day) levels greater than or equal to ____ mg/dl is a diagnostic criterion of diabetes.
200
2-hour Blood Glucose levels greater than or equal to ____ mg/dl (after a 75mg of oral glucose for GDM test) l is a diagnostic criterion of diabetes.
200
A1C greater than or equal to ____ % is a diagnostic criterion of diabetes.
6.5
2-hour Blood Glucose (after a 75mg og glucose for GDM test) between 140- ____ mg/dl is a diagnostic criterion of pre-diabetes.
199
T/F: Prediabetes is also known as impaired glucose tolerance and impaired fasting glucose.
True
Blood Glucose (impaired glucose fasting) levels between 100- ____mg/dl is a diagnostic criterion of pre-diabetes.
125
A1C greater than or equal to 5.7- ____ % is a diagnostic criterion of pre-diabetes.
6.4
Type 1 is when the immune system attacks the beta cells in the pancreas damaging them so they can not produce insulin, resulting in _________ since glucose can enter the cells.
Hyperglycemia
Polyuria, a symptom of type 1 diabetes is frequent ______, due to the kidneys filtering out glucose.
Urination
Polyphagia, a symptom of type 1 diabetes is excessive ______ because cells are starved of glucose, eventually resulting in weight loss.
Hunger
People diagnosed with LATA may eventually develop type __ diabetes.
1
Polydipsia, a symptom of type 1 diabetes is excessive ______, due to frequent urination.
Thirst
T/F: Both type 1 and type 2 diabetes are preventable.
False, type 1 is not preventable because it an auto-immune disease.
The main treatment for type 1 diabetes is _______.
Insulin
Physical activity ______ insulin resistance, which helps prevent type 2 diabetes.
Decreases
T/F: Eating sugar causes diabetes.
False, but diets high in calories (empty calories especially)can lead to weight gain and possibly diabetes.
T/F: Insulin resistance is pre-diabetes, but pre-diabetes is reversible.
True
T/F: Symptoms of type 2 diabetes consist of hyperglycemia, polyuria, polyphagia, polydipsia, and weight loss.
False, these are symptoms of type 1 diabetes
T/F: Some patients with type 2 diabetes may lose beta cell function over time, which will require insulin.
True
T/F: The quantity of CHO must be individualized for patients, while the quality of CHO should be the same for all patients.
True, the following CHO should be emphasized as they don’t impact blood sugar
1. Non- starchy vegetables
2. Whole grains instead of refined grains
3. Complex CHO instead of simple CHO
T/F: CHO consistency is important for Type 1 diabetes because they must count their CHO intake to dose their insulin appropriately since insulin is based on grams of CHO.
True
T/F: Fructose has a lower glycemic index, however, high amounts of fructose increase triglyceride levels.
True
People with diabetes should consume soluble fiber is satiating and delays gastric emptying, decreasing glucose spikes. The recommended amount is ___- 13 g/day.
7
T/F: If you feed someone the same amount of starch and sucrose, their glycemic response will be similar.
True
The faster the CHO can be digested, the ____ the glycemic index. The slower the CHO can be digested, the ____ the glycemic index.
Higher, lower
- excluding fructose
Lower glycemic index diets can help control ______ __________ blood glucose (post-meals) but don’t improve overall glycemic control.
Post-prandial
T/F: Lower glycemic index diets are the main MNT for diabetes patients.
False, it’s complicated and doesnt improve overall blood sugar
T/F: Lower glycemic index diets control overall blood sugar.
False, only post-prandial blood sugar (post-meals)
The glycemic index doesnt account for CHO serving sizes, however, glycemic ____ does.
Load
T/F: Some limitations of the glycemic index are that it doesn’t take into account protein, fiber, and fat that may be consumed with CHO foods.
True
Glycemic indexes are also affected by _______ methods.
Preparation
1 serving of CHO is equal to ___ grams.
15
________ counting is important for type 1 and 2 diabetes.
Carbohydrate
Fat and soluble fiber is important for blood sugar control as it ____ gastric emptying.
Delays
Sources of ____ fiber include oats/oatmeal, beans/legumes, chia seeds, barley, and psyllium.
Soluble
T/F: Patients on insulin who consume alcohol, should do so on an empty stomach.
False, if consuming alcohol, consume it with food to avoid hypoglycemia
Unlike CHO counting, the _______ system includes CHO, protein, and fat instead of CHO only.
Exchange
T/F: Fats, meats, and meat substitutes don’t normally have carbs.
True
