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406- Lower GI > Diabetes quick review > Flashcards

Diabetes quick review Flashcards

1
Q

Glucose Lowering Medications
(Non hypoglycemic)

A

Metformin
Glitazones
Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors
SGL2 inhibitors

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2
Q

Metformin works by

A

Decreases hepatic (liver) production of glucose
Improves insulin sensitivity
- B12 def. may occur

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3
Q

Glitazones have 2 types

A

Actos
Avandia

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4
Q

Metformin AKA

A

Glucophage

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5
Q

Glitazones work by

A

Increasing insulin sensitivity
- may cause weight gain

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6
Q

Glucose Lowering Medications
(Potentially hypoglycemic)

A

GL1P Agonists
Insulin secretagogues
Amylin analogues

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7
Q

GL1P Agonists work by

A

T2: Delay gastric emptying and promote satiety
T1: Stimulates insulin and suppresses glucagon
- injected

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8
Q

Insulin secretagogues (2 classes)

A

Sulfonylureas
Glinides

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9
Q

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors (1)

A

Acarbose/Precose

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10
Q

Berberine

A

May improve fasting and A1C blood glucose
Antioxidant/Anti-inflammatory

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11
Q

Chromium

A

A mineral that enhances insulin action

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12
Q

Alpha linoleic acid

A

May boost the ability to use insulin
May improve neuropathy symptoms
Antioxidant, energy, and protein metabolism

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13
Q

Cinnamon

A

May improve fasting blood sugar, but not A1C
Antioxidant/Anti-inflammatory

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14
Q

Someone with an FPG greater than or equal to _____ may have diabetes.

A

126

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15
Q

Someone with a CPG greater than or equal to _____ may have diabetes.

A

200

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16
Q

Someone with a 2 hr PG greater than or equal to _____ after an OGTT may have diabetes.

A

200

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17
Q

Someone with an A1C greater than or equal to _____ may have diabetes.

A

6.5%

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18
Q

Someone with a 2 hr PG greater than or equal to _____ may have pre-diabetes.

A

140-199

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19
Q

Someone with an FPG between _____ may have pre-diabetes.

A

100-125

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20
Q

Someone with an A1C greater than or equal to _____ may have pre-diabetes.

A

5.7-6.4

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21
Q

Polydipsia

A

Excessive thirst

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22
Q

Polyphagia

A

Excessive hunger

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23
Q

LADA involves the autoimmune destruction of insulin-producing beta cells, like in Type 1, but it develops more gradually and usually occurs in adults over ____.

A

30

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24
Q

Equal amounts of _____ and sucrose promote similar glycemic response

A

Starch

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25
Q

The glycemic index (GI) measures the blood glucose response to foods based on a standardized portion of ___ grams of digestible carbohydrates (CHO), excluding fiber.

A

50

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26
Q

_______ differs from the glycemic index (GI) in that it considers both the quality (GI) and the quantity of carbohydrates in a specific serving size of food.

A

Glycemic Load

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27
Q

One serving of CHO =

A

15 g

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28
Q

___ cup of cooked cereal, grain, or starchy vegetable = 15g of CHO

A

1/2

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29
Q

___ oz of bread product = 15g of CHO

A

1
1/4 of a large bagel or 1 mini bagel
1 regular slice of bread
1/2 English muffin
1 small tortilla

30
Q

___ cup dry cereal = 15g of CHO

31
Q

___ cup cut fruit = 15g of CHO

32
Q

___ small piece of fruit = 15g of CHO

33
Q

___ T dried fruit = 15 g of CHO

34
Q

___ cup milk/yogurt = 12 g of CHO

35
Q

___ T honey/syrup/sugar = 15 g of CHO

36
Q

Alpha-glucosidase inhibitors work by

A

Inhibiting the enzyme to prevent the breakdown and absorption of CHO to inhibit the effect of CHO on blood sugar
- may cause GI issues due to fermentation of undigested CHO

37
Q

SGL2 inhibitors (1)

38
Q

SGL2 inhibitors work by

A

Preventing excessive glucose reabsorption in the kidneys

39
Q

Amylin analogues work by

A

Suppressing glucagon (T1)
Injected before meals to slow gastric emptying

40
Q

Amylin analogues (1)

A

Symlin/Pramlintide

41
Q

Insulin secretagogues work by

A

Stimulate insulin secretion
- Type 2 diabetics who start to lose beta cell function

42
Q

Insulin Secretagogues: Sulfonylureas (2)

A

Glipizide/Glucotrol
Glyburide

43
Q

Insulin Secretagogues: Glinides (2)

A

Prandin
Starlix

44
Q

Treatment for LADA includes

A

People with LADA initially may not need insulin, but they typically progress to requiring it as beta cell function declines over time.

45
Q

Bolus/Meal time insulin

A

Rapid and short acting insulin
Based on CHO content in the meal
Insulin to CHO ratio
Must know how to count carbs

46
Q

Rapid acting (2 types)

A

Lispro/Humalog
Aspart/Novalog

47
Q

Rapid acting insulin description

A

Taken at start of meals
Onset: <15 min
Peak: 1-2 hrs
Duration: 3-5 hours
Less hypoglycemia compared to regular insulin, more preferred

48
Q

Short acting is AKA

A

Regular insulin

49
Q

Short acting insulin description

A

Taken 30-60 min before meals
Onset: 30-60 min
Peak: 2-3 hrs
Duration: 3-6 hours
More risk for hypoglycemia

50
Q

Intermediate-acting
insulin description

A

Onset: 2-4 hrs
Peak: 4-10 hrs
Duration: 10-16 hrs

51
Q

Most common intermediate-acting
insulin

52
Q

Long acting insulin description

A

Taken at nigh to cover hepatic glucose output
Bedtime snack
Onset: 2-4 hrs
Peakless
Duration: 18-24 hrs
Less nocturnal hypoglycemia compared to NPH

53
Q

Long acting insulin (2 types)

A

Glargine/Lantus
Determir/Levemir

54
Q

Mixed Insulin

A

Premixed to contain intermediate-acting and rapid-acting insulins
Must eat at specific times and be consistent with CHO intake
Less flexible but fewer injections

55
Q

Flexible/common insulin regime

A

Basal/Bolus

56
Q

If dawn phenomenon occurs, patient would be on

A

Intermediate acting or basal/bolus regime due to hormonal changes in the middle of the night

57
Q

Inhaled insulin

A

Before meals
Rapid-acting
Onset: 15 min
Peak: 1 hour
Duration: 2-3 hours
Still need injections of basal insulin

58
Q

Inhaled insulin (1)

59
Q

Insulin pumps

A

Delivers rapid acting insulin
Increase for bolus delivery before meals, then continuous insulin for 24/7

60
Q

A mixed insulin contains a rapid and ______ acting insulin

A

Intermediate

61
Q

Add 15 g of CHO for every 30- ___ mins of exercise

62
Q

Double CHO content if pre-exercise BG levels are less than ___ mg/dL

63
Q

Goals for diabetic A1C

A

Less than 7

64
Q

Goals for diabetic fasting blood sugar

65
Q

Goals for diabetic 2 hours post prandial less than

66
Q

DKA is a result of

A

inadequate insulin or illness and causes a build up of ketones and has the same symptoms as T1DM, as well as fruity breath

67
Q

DKA diagnosis is defined as BG more than ___ mg/dL due to hyperglycemia

68
Q

Treatment for DKA is insulin and

A

Fluid and electrolyte replacement

69
Q

Macrovascular

A

Dyslipidemia
Hypertension

70
Q

Microvascular

A

Nephrophathy
Retinopathy
Nueropathy

71
Q

Types of GL1P Agonists

A

Byetta, Victoza, Trulicity, Wegovy, Ozempic

406- Lower GI (4 decks)

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