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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Upper Extremity > Flashcards

Upper Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

What is articulations?

A

joints or arthroses
hold bones together but offers some degree of movement

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2
Q

What are joint classifications?

A

Functionally and structurally

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3
Q

What are the functional classifications?

A

Synarthrosis - immovable
Amphiarthrosis - slightly moveable
Diarthrosis - freely moveable

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4
Q

Structural classification

A

fibrous joints
cartilaginous joints
sinovial joints

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5
Q

fibrous joint

A

no sinovial cavity
bones held together by dense connective tissue (rich in collagen)
strongest joints in body

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6
Q

cartilaginous joint

A

no synovial cavity
bones held together by cartilage

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7
Q

synovial joint

A

have a synovial cavity or joint cavity
bones held together by dense connective tissue
often have accessory ligaments

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8
Q

what are the 4 types if fibrous joints?

A

syndesmosis
suture
gomphosis
interosseous membrane

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9
Q

Syndesmosis

A

slightly moveable joint (amphiarthrosis)
- distal tibia and fibula

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10
Q

suture

A

immovable in adults (synarthrosis)
only in skull

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11
Q

gomphosis

A

immovable joint in healthy gums (synarthrosis)
periodontal ligaments hold roots of teeth in position

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12
Q

interosseous membrane

A

sheets of dense connective tissue (diarthrosis)
found between tibia and fibula AND radius and ulna

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13
Q

What are the 2 cartilaginous joints?

A

symphysis
syndochondrosis

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14
Q

symphysis

A

joints contain a fibrocartiliginous disc - slightly movable (amphiarthrosis)
designed for strength and shock absorbency
- pubic symphysis, intervertebral joints (discs)

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15
Q

synchondrosis

A

immovable joint (synarthrosis)
epiphyseal plate (temporary)
articulation between the first rib and sternum

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16
Q

Articular capsule

A

surrounds all synovial joints and joins the bones together
outer layer - fibrous capsule - connects the capsule to the periosteum of the bone
inner layer - synovial membrane - produces synovial fluid

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17
Q

synovial fluid

A

viscous, clear fluid (similar to an uncooked eggwhite)
consists of hylauronic acid and fluid filtered from blood plasma

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18
Q

What are the functions of synovial fluid?

A

lubricates joint and reduces friction
absorbs shock
supplies oxygen and nutrients to chondrocytes within articular cartilage
removes wastes and CO2 from chondrocytes
removes debris from joint (normal wear and tear)

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19
Q

what new the synovial joint accessories

A

ligaments
menisci - knee
labrum - shoulder and hip joints - deepens the joint socket

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20
Q

What are the 2 kinds of ligaments in the knee?

A

extracapsular and intracapsular

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21
Q

what are the extra capsular ligaments of the knee?

A

MCL and LCL

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22
Q

What are the MCL attachment sites?

A

proximal condyle of the tibia to the medial condyle of the femur

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23
Q

What are the LCL attachment sites?

A

lateral epicondyle of femur to fibular head

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24
Q

what are incapsulate ligaments

A

ACL and PCL
- within the capsule but excluded from the synovial cavity (covered by folds of synovial membrane)

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25
Q

Why are the ACL and PCL cruciate ligaments

A

because they form an X

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26
Q

What are the ACL attachment sites?

A

Anterior tibial spines to mid lateral femoral condyle
prevents the femur from sliding posteriorly to the tibia

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27
Q

What are PCL attachment sites?

A

posterior tibial spines to mid medial femoral condyle
prevents the tibia from sliding posteriorly to the femur when the knee is flexed

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28
Q

What is bursae?

A

strategically placed to reduce friction in some joints
fluid filled sacs cushion movement between:
- skin and bones
- tendons and bones
-muscles and bones
-ligaments and bones

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29
Q

What Is old maidā€™s knee?

A

fluid filled intrapatellar bursae

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30
Q

What are the 6 classifications of synovial joints

A
  1. gliding plane
  2. hinge
  3. pivot
  4. condyloid (ellipsoid)
  5. saddle
  6. ball and socket
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31
Q

gliding plane joints

A

articulating surfaces are flat or slightly curved
- inter carpal bones, inter tarsal bones, SC joints, AC joints, sternocostal joints (2-7), costovertebral joints

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32
Q

Hinge joints

A

convex surface of one bone fits into the concave art of another
permit flexion and extension only
- knee, space between humerus and radius and ulna, ankle, interphalangeal joints

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33
Q

pivot joints

A

rounded or pointed surface on one bone articulates with a ring formed by bone and ligament - allows pronation and supination
allows rotation only
Atlanta-axial joint, radioulnar joints (both proximal and distal)

34
Q

Condyloid (ellipsoid) joints

A

convex projection of one bone fits into oval-shaped depression in another
permits flexion-extension and abduction-adduction (ulnar/radial deviation)
radoiocarpal joints, MCPs (2-5)

35
Q

saddle joint

A

one bone is saddle-shaped, the other sits in the saddle
permits flexion-extension and abduction-adduction
1st CMC joint

36
Q

ball and socket joint

A

head of one bone fits into a cup-like depression in the other
shoulder, hip, talonavicular joints

37
Q

Shoulder joint

A

glenohumeral joint
ball and socket
greatest degree of movement of any joint
dislocation is common
labrum helps to stabilize as well as 4 bursae

38
Q

Rotator cuff muscles

A

provide greatest amount of stability to shoulder
Supraspinatus
Infraspinatus
Teres Minor
Subscapularis

39
Q

AC joint

A

between acromion and clavicle
Ligaments: acromioclavicular, coracoacromial, coracoclavicular
bottom of clavicle and acromion should line up if no AC separation

40
Q

Elbow joint

A

hinge joint
- head of radius articulates with capitulum of humerus
- trochlear notch of ulna articulates with trochlea of humerus
pivot joint
- radial head articulates with radial notch of ulna

41
Q

Elbow joint ligaments

A

Ulnar collateral ligament (Tommy John surgery)
- medial epicondyle to coronoid process and olecranon
Radial collateral ligament
- lateral epicondyle to annular ligament and radial notch of ulna
Annular ligament
- strong band that encircles radial head
- holds radial head to radial notch

42
Q

elbow ligament indetification

A

slide 50

43
Q

Hip joint

A

less mobile compared to shoulder
extremely stable
- very strong articular capsule
- accessory ligaments: ileofemoral, pubofemoral, ischiofemoral, ligament of head of femur, transverse ligament of acetabulum
- surrounding muscles
- deep socket (acetabulum)
- labrum

44
Q

knee joint

A

tibiofemoral OR femorotibial
largest and most complex in the body
3 joints within synovial cavity
- lateral tibiofemoral
- medial tibiofemoral
- patellofemoral

45
Q

What is the menisci

A

help compensate for the irregular shapes of the femur and tibia
medial meniscus - C-shaped
Lateral meniscus - nearly circular

46
Q

Ankle joint

A

hinge joint
dorsiflexion and plantar flexion
medial ligaments - deltoid - more stable
lateral ligaments - anterior talofibular ligament, calcanea fibular ligament, posterior talofibular ligament

47
Q

Vertebral discs

A

cartilaginous joints (symphysis)
designed for weight bearing
annulus fibrosus
nucleus pulposus

48
Q

Hand

A

5 metacarpals, Metocarpophalangeal joint, proximal phalanx, proximal interphalangeal joint, middle phalanx, distal interphalangeal joint, and distal phalanx

49
Q

Thumb

A

also referred to as pollex, has CMC joint, metacarpal, MCP joint, Proximal phalanx, interphalangeal joint and distal phalanx

50
Q

Wrist

A

carpal bones
proximal row (lateral to medial) - scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
distal row (lateral to medial) - trapezium, trapezoid, capitate and hamate

51
Q

Scaphoid

A
  • most commonly fractured carpal bone FOOSH
  • below anatomical snuff box
  • distal part of scaphoid is more anterior
  • blood flow to the proximal part of the scaphoid is retrograde
  • AVN is more common with proximal fractures
52
Q

Carpal Tunnel

A

anterior surface of the wrist is concave (carpal sulcus)
passageway created between the carpal sulcus and flexor retinaculum
median nerve and flexor tendons pass through this area

53
Q

joints of the hand

A

IP - hinge
MCP - condyloid
CMC - thumb (saddle) 2-5 gliding
Intercarpal - gliding
Radiocarpal - condyloid

54
Q

What is the radoiocarpal joint?

A

radius articulates with the scaphoid and lunate
palmer, radial, colar tilt of about 11 degrees

55
Q

How do you open radiocarpal joint for x-ray?

A

angle CR 11 degrees cephalad

56
Q

bones of the forearm

A

radius on lateral side
ulna on medial side

57
Q

What is the most distal part of the forearm?

A

radial styloid process

58
Q

What is the most proximal part of the forearm?

A

olecranon process

59
Q

What are the characteristics of the radius?

A

narrower at proximal end
wider at distal end

60
Q

What are the parts of the proximal end of the radius?

A

radial head
radial neck
radial tuberosity
- distal to neck on anteromedial surface
- attachment for biceps muscle

61
Q

What are the parts of the distal end of the radius?

A

radial styloid process
ulnar notch
- named after the bone it articulates with not the bone it is on

62
Q

What are the parts of the proximal end of the ulna?

A

trochlear notch - articulates with the trochlea of humerus
- olecranon process
- coronoid process
radial notch
ulnar tuberosity

63
Q

What are the parts of the distal end of the ulna?

A

head of ulna
ulnar styloid process
- posterior surface of ulnar head

64
Q

What re the joints connecting the radius and ulna?

A

proximal radioulnar joint
interosseous membrane
distal radioulnar joint (DRUJ)
pronation and supination is possible because of the proximal and distal radioulnar joints

65
Q

What is the proximal radioulnar joint?

A

radial head articulates with radial notch of the proximal ulna

66
Q

What kind of joint is the interosseous membrane?

A

fibrous joint
amphiarthrosis

67
Q

What is the distal radioulnar joint?

A

also known as DRUJ
ulnar head articulates with the ulnar notch of the distal radius

68
Q

What are the physical symptom differences in a clenched fist?

A

Drug tears hurt scapholunate tears do not

69
Q

What are the parts of the proximal end of the humerus?

A

humeral head
anatomical neck
greater tuberosity
lesser tuberosity
inter tubercular (bicipital) groove
surgical neck

70
Q

What are the parts of the distal end of the humerus?

A

trochlea
coronoid fossa
olecranon fossa
medial epicondyle
capitulum
radial fossa
lateral epicondyle

71
Q

What does the radial head articulate with?

A

radius and the radial notch of the proximal ulna when in acute flexion

72
Q

What is the elbow joint?

A

it is a hinge joint
- capitulum and radial head
- trochlea and trochlear notch

73
Q

What are the fat pads of the elbow?

A

anterior fat pad - tear drop shape
posterior fat pad
supinator fat pad

74
Q

What does seeing the posterior fat pad in a radiograph mean?

A

seeing displacement of the anterior fat pad and seeing the posterior fat pad on a lateral image are good indicators of a fracture

75
Q

What are the parts of the shoulder (pectoral) girdle?

A

clavicle
scapula
- function is to connect the upper extremity to the trunk

76
Q

what are the parts of the clavicle?

A

ā€œSā€ shaped (for strength)
coronoid tubercle
oblique plane
- medial end is inferior and anterior to lateral end

77
Q

What are the calivicular joints?

A

sternal end articulates with inferior half of manubrium (SC joint)
acromial end articulates with the acromion of scapula (AC joints)
- inferior part of the clavicle aligns with inferior part of acromion

78
Q

What is the scapulae?

A

between 2nd and 7th ribs
45 to 60 degrees in relati9on to anatomic position

79
Q

What are the scapulae borders?

A

superior
medial (vertebral)
lateral (axillary)

80
Q

what are the angles of the scapula?

A

superior
inferior
lateral
- thickest part
- ends at the glenoid cavity

81
Q

What are the anterior parts of the scapula?

A

also known the costal surface
subscapular fossa - slightly concave
coracoid process

82
Q

What are the posterior parts of the scapula?

A

also known as the dorsal surface
spine runs diagonally and ends at the acromion (flattened process)
supraspinous fossa
infraspinous fossa

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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