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Anatomy and Physiology 1 > Lower Extremity > Flashcards

Lower Extremity Flashcards

1
Q

what is the structural makeup of the foot?

A

26 bones
- 14 phalanges
- 5 metatarsals
- 7 tarsals

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2
Q

How is the foot divided?

A

forefoot - toes and metatarsals
midfoot - cuneiforms, navicular and cuboid
hindfoot - calcaneus and talus

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3
Q

What are the tarsals of the foot?

A

medial, middle and lateral cuneiforms
navicular
cuboid
talus
calcaneus (calcis)

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4
Q

What is the makeup of the great toe?

A

hallux
2 sesamoids posterior to head of metatarsal
ridge of bone separates sesamoids

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5
Q

What is the makeup of the 5th metatarsal?

A

head
shaft (body)
base
- tuberosity
- clinically important because of fractures

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6
Q

What is the talus?

A

most superior tarsal bone
articulates with the tibia, fibula, calcaneus and navicular
head - articulates with navicular (ball and socket)
neck
trochlea or talar domes (2; 1 medial and 1 lateral) part that articulates with the tibia and fibula

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7
Q

What is the inferior surface of the talus?

A

sulcus tali
- groove that forms the roof of the sinus tarsi
inferior to the neck
3 articular facets
- align with facets of the calcaneus to form subtalar joints: anterior, middle and posterior

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8
Q

What is the calcaneus?

A

the largest tarsal bone

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9
Q

What is the posterior of the calcaneus?

A

tuberosity - attaches to ichellies

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10
Q

what is the superior calcaneus?

A

anterior facet
middle facet
posterior facet
calcanea sulcus (groove that forms the floor of the sinus tarsi)

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11
Q

What is the medial calcaneus?

A

sustentaculum tali
- shelf to middle subtaylor joint

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12
Q

What is the lateral calcaneus?

A

lateral process
trochlea

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13
Q

What are the tarsal bone articulations of the talus?

A

tibiotalar joint
fibulotalar joint
subtler joints (talocalcaneal joints)
talonivacular joint (ball and socket)

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14
Q

What are the 3 ball and socket joints in the body?

A

hip, shoulder and the talonavicular joint

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15
Q

What are the tarsal bone articulations of the calcaneus?

A

subtalar joints (talocalcaneal joints)
- 3 joints in total: anterior, middle and posterior
calcaneonavicular joint - anterior process of calcaneus
calcaneocuboid joint

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16
Q

What are the tarsal bone articulations of the navicular?

A

calcaneonavicular joint
- anterior process of calcaneus
talonavicular joint
all 3 cuneiforms

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17
Q

What is the most medial tarsal bone?

A

Navicular

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18
Q

What is the most distal tarsal bone?

A

the cuneiforms

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19
Q

What are the tarsal bone articulations of the cuboid?

A

calcaneocuboid joint
Joint between cuboid and lateral cuneiform
TMT joint
- with 4th and 5th metatarsals
Navicular

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20
Q

What are the tarsal bone articulations of the cuneiforms?

A

Medial cuneiform - TMT joint with great toe
Middle cuneiform - TMT joint with 2nd toe
Lateral cuneiform - TMT joint with 3rd toe
Medial part of the cuneiforms must line up with medial aspect of the metatarsals

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21
Q

What are the longitudinal arches of the foot?

A

Functions as shock absorber and provides leverage while walking
Formed by tarsal and metatarsal bones
Strengthened by ligaments and tendons
1. medial longitudinal arch - higher
2. lateral longitudinal arch

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22
Q

What is the medial longitudinal arch?

A

originates at calcaneus
rises to the talus
descends through navicular, 3 cuneiforms and ends at the heads of the first 3 metatarsals

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23
Q

What is the lateral longitudinal arch?

A

originates at calcaneus
rises to the cuboid
descends to the heads of the lateral 2 metatarsals

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24
Q

What is the transverse arch of the foot?

A

runs side to side to assist the longitudinal arches
formed by the 3 cuneiforms, cuboid, bases of 5 metatarsals

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25
Q

What is the tibia?

A

larger, medial weight-bearing bone
most proximal

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26
Q

What is the fibula?

A

lateral, smaller, more posterior bone
most distal

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27
Q

What is the most proximal part of the tibia?

A

the tibial plateau - the tibial spines separate the medial and lateral condyles
Medial condyle
- curved from anterior to posterior
Lateral condyle
- straight from anterior to posterior
- facet on posterolateral surface where fibular head articulates
slopes posteriorly - 5 degrees
intercondylar eminences or tibial spines sperate the condyles

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28
Q

What is the anterior surface of the tibia?

A

tibial tuberosity - apophysis
- patellar ligament attaches
Anterior crest
- muscle attachment

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29
Q

What is the distal part of the tibia?

A

medial malleolus
fibular notch
- lateral side of tibia
- articulation with distal fibula
anterior tubercle
- overlays the fibula
tibial plafond
- french for “Roof”

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30
Q

What is the ankle mortise?

A

refers to the bony arch or joint formed between the tibial plafond and malleoli

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31
Q

What is the most distal part of the tibia?

A

the posterior malleolus

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32
Q

What is the proximal part of the fibula?

A

Head
- articulates with lateral condyle of tibia
- proximal tib/fib joint
Neck

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33
Q

What is the distal part of the fibula?

A

lateral malleolus
15-20 degrees more posterior compared to medial malleolus

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34
Q

How should the leg be positioned for mortise view?

A

45 degrees internal rotation to demonstrate proximal tib/fib joint
make the lateral and medial malleolus parallel to the IR with 15-20 degree internal rotation

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35
Q

What is the most proximal part of the tib/fib?

A

anterior tibial spine

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36
Q

What is the most distal part of the tib/fib?

A

lateral malleolus

37
Q

What is the femur?

A

longest, strongest heaviest bone
Intertrochanteric line joins aterior trochanters
Intertrochanteric crest joins posterior trochanters
Line aspera is a ridge of bone on the posterior femur that is a site for muscle attachment - for quad

38
Q

What are the parts of the proximal femur?

A

Head
Neck
Greater trochanter
Lesser Trochanter

39
Q

what is another name for the head of the femur?

A

Fovea capitis

40
Q

What are the characteristics of the femoral neck?

A

slopes 15-20 degrees posteriorly from the pelvis
to image an AP pelvis internally rotate legs 15-20 degrees or else foreshortening will occur

41
Q

Where is the lesser trochanter in a true AP pelvis?

A

posterior to the femur

42
Q

On a cross table lateral hip where are the greater and lesser trochanters in terms of anatomical position?

A

greater is superimposed with femoral neck
lesser is located on posterior of femoral neck

43
Q

Where are the greater and lesser trochanters when not internally rotated for cross table lateral hip?

A

greater is posterior to femoral neck
lesser is superimposed on femoral neck

44
Q

When imaging femur from side angle tube 45%. How come?

A

The side of femur is 135 degrees from attachment in pelvis

45
Q

What is at the distal end of the femur?

A

medial femoral condyle
lateral femoral condyle

46
Q

what makes up the medial femoral condyle?

A

medial epicondyle
adductor tubercle
- posteromedial aspect
- very useful with repeats of lateral knee

47
Q

What makes up the lateal femoral condyle?

A

lateral epicondyle
sulcus terminalis

48
Q

what is the relationships between the condyles in the distal femur? How does this affet the angling of the CR?

A

Medial condyle is 5-7 degrees more distal compared to the lateral condyle
angle the tube 5-7 degrees cehalad for a mediolateral knee
angle 5-7 degrees caudad for a lateromedial knee
- xtable for lipoheamarthrosis and trauma is easier in lateromedial

49
Q

What are the parts of the anterior surface of the distal femur?

A

trochlear groove
articulation with patella

50
Q

What are the parts of the posterior surface of the distal femur?

A

intercondylar notch (fossa or tunnel)

51
Q

What is the patella?

A

triangular-shaped sesamoid bone

52
Q

base of patella

A

quadricep tendon

53
Q

apex of patella

A

patellar ligament to tibular tuberosity
1/2” proximal to tibiofemoral joint space

54
Q

2 articular facets of the patella

A

form the PF joint

55
Q

what does the patella articulate with?

A

trochlear groove

56
Q

what is the bony pelvis?

A

2 hip bones
sacrum
coccyx

57
Q

what is the purpose of the pelvis?

A

connects lower extremity to the axial skeleton
protects reproductive organs, lower GI tract, bladder
provides a strong support for the trunk

58
Q

What makes up the hip bone?

A

Illium
ischium
pubis
1/2 the bony pelvis

59
Q

What are the arts of the Illium?

A

Ala
Body
Medial surface

60
Q

What is the Ala?

A

Broad curved portion
superior part
3 prominent border
Anterior
- ASIS
- AIIS
Posterior
- PSIS
- PIIS
- Greater Sciatic Notch
Superior
- Iliac crest

61
Q

What is immediately posterior to the SI joint?

A

PSIS

62
Q

What is the body of the Ilium?

A

Inferior part of the ilium
Forms superior portion of acetabulum (40%)

63
Q

What is the medial surface of the Ilium?

A

Iliac Fossa
Auricular Surface
- SI joint
Arcuate Line
- separates Ala from body
- forms part of pelvic brim
- extends from auricular surface to pubis

64
Q

What is the Ischium?

A

Inferior, posterior
Consists of body and ischial ramus

65
Q

What is the body of the ischium?

A

forms posterior part of acetabulum (40%)
ischial spine
Lesser sciatic notch
ischial tuberosity
- the part we sit on

66
Q

What is the ischial ramus?

A

projects anteriorly and medially and connects to the inferior pubic ramus

67
Q

What are the parts of the pubis?

A

superior pubic ramus
body
inferior pubic ramus

68
Q

What is the superior pubic ramus?

A

forms anterior part of acetabulum (20%)

69
Q

What is the body of the pubis?

A

inferior and superior rami join
pubic crest
pubic tubercle
- pectineal line - travels along superior pubic ramus and meets arcuate line of ilium

70
Q

What is the inferior pubic ramus?

A

connects to the ischial ramus
pubic arch

71
Q

What is the obturator foramen?

A

opening formed between the pubic bones and ischial bones
allows nerves and blood vessels to pass through

72
Q

What happens to the Ala in RPO position?

A

right Ala will appear wider than the left

73
Q

What is the pubic arch?

A

opening formed between inferior pubic rami
Males < 90 degrees
Females > 90 degrees

74
Q

What is a judet view?

A

for fractures of the acetabulum
Iliopubic column - anterior
ilioischial column - posterior

75
Q

What is the pelvic brim?

A

boundary line that seperates the true pelvis from the false pelvis
non-bony part - superior part of pubic symphysis

76
Q

what are the bony parts of the pelvic brim?

A

Sacral promontory
Arcuate lines of ilium
pectineal lines of pubis
superior part of the superior pubic ramus

77
Q

What is the false pelvis?

A

also known as the greater pelvis
superior to pelvic brim

78
Q

What does the false pelvis contain?

A

superior part of bladder when full
lower intestines
uterus
ovaries
fallopian tubes in females

79
Q

What is the false pelvis bounded by?

A

lumbar spine
ala
anterior abdominal wall

80
Q

What is the true pelvis?

A

also known as the lesser pelvis
inferior to pelvic brim
has an inlet and outlet

81
Q

what is the true pelvis bounded by?

A

sacrum
coccyx
body of ilium
ischium
pubic bones

82
Q

What does the true pelvis contain?

A

rectum
bladder
prostate
vagina
cervix

83
Q

What is the inlet of the true pelvis?

A

entrance into the true pelvis
follow the pelvic brim
sacral promontory to superior pubic symphysis
arcuate lines (laterally)

84
Q

What is the outlet of the true pelvis?

A

inferior opening of true pelvis
Tip of coccyx to inferior margin of pubic symphysis
between ischial tuberosities (laterally)

85
Q

What angle is used for an inlet view?

A

40 degrees caudad

86
Q

What angle is used for an outlet view?

A

30 degrees cephalad

87
Q

What is the difference between male and female pelvis?

A

generally, bones of males are larger and heavier
adaptations to the female pelvis requirement for pregnancy and childbirth
females have a larger pelvic inlet and outlet
females have a shallow false pelvis whereas males have a deep false pelvis

88
Q

Acetabulum formed by?

A

body of ischium and body of ilium but not the body of the pubis

Anatomy and Physiology 1 (5 decks)

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