Upper and Lower Limb

Question 1

signs of upper motor neuron lesion

Answer 1

hypertonia
hyperreflexia
babinski sign
reduced power

Question 2

causes of upper motor neuron lesion

Answer 2

stroke
MS
traumatic brain injury
cerebral palsy
ALS

Question 3

signs of lower motor neuron lesions

Answer 3

fasciculations
muscle wasting
hypotonia
hyporeflexia
reduced power
pronator drift

Question 4

causes of lower motor neuron lesions

Answer 4

motor neuron disease
peripheral neuropathy
poliomyelitis
nerve root compression (radiculopathy)

Question 5

3 types of disc herniation

Answer 5

prolapse - nucleus pulposus bulges, annulus fibrosis intact
extrusion - nucleus pulposus breaks thru annulus fibrous but within disc
sequestration - nucleus pulposus breaks thru annuus fibrous, separates from disc, enters spinal canal

Question 6

causes of disc herniation

Answer 6

degenerative
injury
bit of both (small inhury e.g a sneeze)

Question 7

cause of warm knee joint

Answer 7

septic arthritis

flare of OA/RA

Question 8

swelling in popliteal fossa

Answer 8

bakers cyst

Question 9

causes of effusion

Answer 9

arthritis

damage to internal structure e.g meniscus