UPPER AIRWAYS Flashcards
Nasal Hemorrhage or Nose Bleeding. DEFINITION
Epistaxis-flowing in the form of drops
Rinorraghia- flowing in the jet
Nasal Hemorrhage or Nose Bleeding: Causes
Mechanical: traumatisms
Examination of the nasal cavity
Empirical interventions (Nasopharyngeal examination repeated in the horse for example)
Foreign body (tumors, spines of grass), parasites (Oestrus ovis in sheeps and goats)
Cardiovascular disorders:
- IC
- HTA
- Stasis venouses
Nasal Hemorrhage or Nose Bleeding: Symptoms
Intoxication with warfarin Infectious diseases- antrax Parasitic diseases- oestrosis Hepatic failure Hemorrhaging conditions Sinusitis Hipovitaminosis- A, C, K Increased efforts
Nasal Hemorrhage or Nose Bleeding: Clinical sign
- Epistaxis/rinnoraghia
- Snore
- Agitation
- Superficial breathing,
- Tachycardia
- Anemic mucosa
- Hematologic- decreasing erythrocytes numbers, Ht, Hb,
- Symptoms of primary diseases
Nasal Hemorrhage or Nose Bleeding: Treatment
- Cold compressions
- Astringent instillations
- Compressible tamponing
- Antihemorrhagic
- Etiological treatment
Rhinitis/Coryza: DEFINITION
Rhinitis is inflammation of the nasal mucosa and coryza is inflammation of the nasal cavities and adjacent regions
Rhinitis/Coryza: CAUSES
Predisposing: young age, weakness, lack of training, nasal front angle in French Bulldog, Pekingese,
Banat pig, vitamin deficiencies (A, E, C)
Occasional: cold, sudden changes in temperature, irritating aerosols, internal trauma or foreign bodies
Determining: bacterial, viral, fungal agents
Secondary: extension of pathological processes in the oral cavity, pharynx, larynx, sinuses
Symptomatic: snot, aspergillosis, infectious rhinotracheitis, atrophic rhinitis, smallpox, Carre’s disease, coccidiosis
Rhinitis/Coryza: Pathogenesis:
Vasomotorial and secretory disorder
Decreasing local and general resistance
Increasing sensibility of nasal mucosa produce the clinical symptoms
Rhinitis/Coryza: Clinical signs :
Acute catarrhal rhinitis: sneezing, epiphora, nasal itching, serous or sero-mucous discharge
Crupal or pseudomembranous rhinitis: fever, anorexia, adynamia, cornea, dyspnea, purulent discharge with false membranes, regional lymphadenitisIt can be complicated by ulceration, fistulization, sinusitis, pneumonia, endocarditis.
Pustular rhinitis: fever, anxiety, pustules on the nasal mucosa that may converge or open causing ulcers, purulent discharge bilateral lymphadenitis.
Necrotic rhinitis: bad breath, affecting the general condition, foul-smelling purulent necrotic discharge, toxemia, hypothermia, death.
Allergic rhinitis: dyspnea attacks suddenly installed in the pastures.
- Bullous rhinitis: general condition, fever, hemorrhagic
diathesis on the nasal septum
- Chronic rhinitis: sneezing, sero-mucous or mucus discharge -
purulent quantitatively reduced, thickened pituitary mucosa,
difficult breathing accentuated by exertion.
Chorises (occurs frequently in birds): mouth breathing, wheezing, serous or muco-purulent discharge, infraorbital sinusitis that can cause deformity of the head.
Rhinitis/Coryza: TREATMENT
Hygienic-dietary:
Dust-free, avoidance of fungally contaminated feed,
correction of microclimate factors-drug
Local- washings with hypertonic chloride sodium solution
20%, nasal drops for human use.
In large animals, iodine and eucalyptus tincture vapors are usedIn croupal form, nasal instillations with bicarbonate or trypsin solutions are recommended.
In general, antibiotics can be given: penicillin with streptomycin, lincomycin with spectinomycin, oxytetracycline, vitamin-protein stimulation.
Laryngotracheitis: DEFINITION
Represents inflammation of the laryngeal-tracheal mucosa that may develop with damage to adjacent regions representing laryngeal-pharyngeal angina, laryngeal-tracheal, rhino-laryngeal-pharyngitis.
The causes are those presented in rhinitis
Laryngotracheitis: Pathogenesis:
Negative reaction of congestion type, exsudative, functional
Laryngotracheitis: Clinical signs
L. acute catarrhal :
- Dry and painful cough in congestive phase and wet after 3-5
days (exudative phase)
- High sensitivity at laryngeal or tracheal palpation (cough
reflex)
- Symptomatic laryngitis : fever, bilateral jetaj
- General signs: Dry cough, painful, emitting in (congestive
form) which after 3-5 days the cough will be wet (exudative
phase).
- Laryngo -tracheal breath hardened at listening.
- When evolving concomitantly with infectious infectious
diseases, fever and thrush appea
Croupal laryngotracheitis (pseudomembranous): fever, adynamia, anorexia, tachypnea, tachycardia, painful dry cough, asphyxiation and with expectoration of false membranes, trill laryngeal sound, flag noise.
Strident laryngotracheitis: cough, orthopnea, scared face, shortness of breath with altered respiratory type, hardened laryngeal tracheal murmur.
Chronic laryngotracheitis: coughing occurs after exertion, in contact with cold air, after swallowing
-
Laryngotracheitis: Morfo-pathological
- In cataral form-diffuse or circumscribed congestion
- Pseudomembranous- false membranes
- Chronic form: - hyperplasia, pale mucosis
Laryngotracheitis: Tto
Hygienic-dietetic: without drafts, irritating gasses, fodder with dust and spraying of fodder with saline
solution, bicarbonate 0.5-1%.
Drug
- In the congestive phase, inhalations with eucalyptus, salt
water, menthol are indicated
In the exudative phase, expectorant substances are administered: sodium bicarbonate, sodium benzoate, acetylcysteine, bromhexin
In croupal laryngotracheitis, sodium bicarbonate (iv / os) is administered.
In birds, Trypsin (2-5 mg / Kg) is administered and in large
animals the dose is 1g / 300ml water, oxygen therapy.
Cough control: Codeine, barbiturates, spasmolytics, antihistamines.
Fighting infection: antibiotic therapy Penicillin, Oxytetracycline, quinolones, cephalosporin
Non-specific stimulant therapy: Prednisone 0.5-1 mg / Kg, Hydrocortisone acetate, vitamins, minerals
