BRONQUIOS PULMONES Y HIDROTORAX Flashcards
Bronchitis: DEFINITION
Represents inflammation of the bronchial mucosa
Bronchitis: Etiology of primary bronchitis
Predisposing causes: young age, malnutrition, lack of physical effort, anemia, chronic renal, cardiac, hepatic organopathy, hypovitaminosis A, D, E.
Occasional causes: sudden changes in temperature, cold, cold rains, irritating gasses, dust, aspiration of vomiting, tiring transport
Determining causes: viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi-etiology of secondary bronchitis:
Metastasis of inflammatory processes in the anterior respiratory tract, purulent foot infections, mammary gland, endometrium, umbilical cord.
Symptomatic bronchitis appears in the evolution of an infectious-contagious disease:
Parasitic diseases (pulmonary strongylidosis in calves, sheep, pigs) –aspergillosis
Bronchitis: Pathogenesis
Bronchitis occurs when, due to disturbances in the defense system, changes occur in the cylindrical, stratified and ciliated epithelium, local blood circulation and damage to the local glandular system.
Bronchitis: Clinical signs
Macrobronchitis:
- General condition unchanged and sometimes can evolve with subfebrile.
- Cough that starts in the morning, on exertion, when the temperature changes being dry, repeated, painful.
- After about 3 days the cough becomes moist
- When listening in congestive form, rumbling bronchial rales are perceived (snoring) and in exudative form the rales become wet.
Medium and microbronchitis:
- Fever, anorexia, apathy, apparently congested mucous membranes.
- Tachypnea, tachycardia, orthopnea with highlighting of the intercostal spaces during the respiratory act
- Frequent, spontaneous, painful cough, with a feeling of suffocation that may become damp
- Mucoid or mucopurulent discharge
- Increased sensitivity to palpation of the chest
- A listening is perceived: hardened vesicular murmur, wheezing bronchial rales (congestive form) and moist sucking, similar to fluid bubbling (exudative form)
Bronchitis: Treatment
Hygienic -dietetic:
Optimization of microclimate conditions, periodic disinfection, dust-free and mycotic-free food
Drug:
- Antibiotics, sulfamides-expectorant: acetylcysteine, sodium benzoate: ACC, Pneumoguard, Bromhexin, sodium bicarbonate-20-5 g for horses, 20-100 g for cattle
- In case of abundant secretions, Atropine can be administered
- Calming the irritating cough: Codeine
- Alkaline, spasmolytic, proteolytic substances (trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin) are administered in pseudomembranous bronchitis.
- Non-specific stimulation: serum / hemotherapy, iodine-based preparations, vitamins A, D, E, C
Stenosis and obstructions of the large bronchitis: DEFINITION
Represents the reduction or blockage of the bronchial lumen.
Stenosis and obstructions of the large bronchitis: Etiology
Foreign bodies aspirated in case of dysphagia
Tachyphagia, excessive bronchitis
Forced administration of oral drug solutions-parasitic infestations: dictyocaulus, strongili
Peribronchial, pulmonary compressions due to cysts, tumors, abscesses, mediastinal lymphadenopathy
Deglutition with a false route
Newborn: trough swallowing the amniotic fluid
Stenosis and obstructions of the large bronchitis: Symptoms
Variable intensity dyspnea-orthopnea
Asymmetric breathing with high amplitude at the level of the unaffected hemithorax
Progressive cough in stenosis and asphyxiation in obstruction
At the percussion of the thorax before the obstruction the sound is sonorous and the posterior is without sonority (clogged)
The vesicular murmur is hardened anteriorly and perifocally and after the obstruction it is abolished and the dry, wet rales are added
Stenosis and obstructions of the large bronchitis: Treatment
Cough calm: spasmolytics, expectorants
Provoking the sneezing reflex using vinegar ammonia solutions
In newborns, position yourself upside down and shake to remove amniotic fluid-surgery
Bronchial asthma: DEFINITION
Represents a paroxysmal manifestation characterized by bouts (episodes) of dyspnea, bronchospasm and bronchorrhea (Excessive secretion of mucous flow from the bronchi.).
Bronchial asthma: etiology
Essential asthma- alleging factors (food, drugs, insect bites, pollen, irritating gasses, hepato-renal failure)
Symptomatic or secondary bronchial asthma- chronic processes located in the respiratory system
Increased airway irritation due to beta-adrenergic blockade and vagotonia causes bronchospasm and bronchorrhea
Dyspnea
Bronchospasm
Brochure
7Symptomatic: chronic inflammatory disease
Bronchial asthma: Clinical table
Asmatiform crises,
Expiratory dyspnea
Anxious Facies
cyanosis
Nasal discharge , rich in eosinophils (allergies)
Secondary: Symptoms of primary illness
Bronchial asthma: Treatment:
Dietetic:
- Spray the hay with saline solutions (herbivores)
- Reduction or exclusion of the carnivorous diet (carnivores)
Medication:
- During the crisis - hydrocortisone hemisuccinate, miofilin, atropine
- Between seizures: - desensitization medication), synthetic antihistamines, supercortisol (3-5 days), Prednisolone.
Pulmonary congestion: Definition
Overloading pulmonary circulation
Pulmonary congestion: Causes
c. p. active:
- Cold, sudden changes in temperature, high physical effort, drifting over time, overcrowding
- Secondary: - ANTU intoxication
- Acute tympanic disease at cattle
- Fever
c. p. passive:
- Cardiac conditions
- Prolonged decubitus
Pulmonary congestion: Clinical table
c. p.a
- Anorexia, adynamics, asthenia
- Hyperhidrosis, mucosal congestion, tachycardia, tachypnea (normo / subfertility / febrile)
- Cough, serum mucosal discharge with blood , hypersound at the lung level , vesicular murmurs is intensified
c. p.p.
- Dyspnoea, cough wet, subdued sound in ventral side the lung, the wet rallies
- Symptoms of cardiomyopathy and blood stasis
Pulmonary congestion: TTO
- Avoiding causes
- Spray with cold water, dry friction
- Venisesctie, internal derivatives
- Cardiac tones, anti-infectives
Pulmonary edema: Definition
excess of liquid in the lungs
Pulmonary edema. Causes
c.p.a (pulmonary acute congestion) / IC (cardiac congestive insufficiency)
Intoxication, allergic pneumopathy
Adm. iodine
Alveolar-capillary membrane replacement
Bronchial-alveolar hypersecretion
Cardiogenic – haemodynamic complication
Mucosal congested with hypoxemic tinge
Bilateral discharge sparkling
Subdude sound
Bronchial-alveolar rales is wet
Pulmonary edema: pathology
Grown in volume
Section: sparkling, whitish liquid
Docimazia between two waters
Pulmonary edema: tto
- Venesection
- Cold aspersions, alcoholic fractions, diuretics, atropine
- Cardiotropic medication
Pulmonary hemorrhage: Causes
Chest trauma, aneurysm, leez. necrosis, vascular rupture
Abscesses, neoplasms, parasitic cysts
Oxicumarin poisoning, septicemic states
Endo Intoxication (uremia)
Coughing in log access
Pulmonary hemorrhage: Clinical sings
- Hemorrhages caused by trauma: - pleurodynia, superficial breathing
- Asphyxiant in the access, hemoptysis
- Mucosal anemia and pulse filiform
- Wet bronchial-alveolar rallies-
Pulmonary hemorrhage: Tto
Restoration the volemia + antihemorrhagic
Acute pleuritis: DEFINITION
Pleura is a membrane which is on the outside of the lung, it is composed from two membranes: visceral and parietal. Acute pleuritis is inflammation with localization at the pleura level. It can evolve in two forms: dry ( there is no liquid ) and wet.
Normally between the two pleural membranes is not cavity space but in inflammation appears a space, before it is congestion and after liquid.
Acut pleuritis: Causes
Primary:
- Predisposing (young age/ olds animals, low organic resistance, food deficiencies)
- Occasional (cold, excess humidity, thoracic trauma)
- Determinant (pathological germs, viruses, staphylococcus, streptococcus., micoplasma
Secondary (in infectious diseases) -> Symptomatic:
- Bronchopneumonia
- Pasteurellosis
- Pleuropneumonia
Acut pleuritis: Pathogenesis
- The congestion phase : vasodilation with increased blood flow
- The exudation phase: appear the leukodiapedesis and erytrodyapedesis
- The organizational phase
Acut pleuritis: Clinical Signs
The congestion phase (pleuritis)
- Fever
- Tachycardia
- Tachypnea
- Muscle tremors
- Mucosal congestion
- Hyperhidrosis
- Oliguria
- Pleurodinia
- The cough it is dry and painful
- The sound at auscultation it is pleural friction
The exudative phase
- The fever decreases
- The pleurodinia it is decreases
- Dyspnea is accentuated
- The sound at thorax level it is horizontal mati
- The vesicular murmurs it is tightened (accentuated)
- Pleuritic breath with liquid noise
By thoracocentesis: rc. Rivalta - negative
The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Definicion
It is a dyspneic pneumopathy, without fever with chronic evolution. Occurs with an increased frequency in horses
The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Causes
Primary: genetic predisposition
- Intense efforts for long time
- Stasis in small circulation
Secondary
- Chronic respiratory disease: laryngeal paralysis, obstructive respiratory disease, asthma, allergic pneumopathy
The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Clinical signs
- Expiratory dyspnea with ventral movement of the abdomen during breathing
- Orthopnea,
- The nostrils is in trumpet,
- The basis of support is big, the legs is away from the body
- Cyanosis, the intercostal spaces is very evident,
- The coughing is spontaneous and hoarse
- The thorax and abdomen is barrel form
- The cardiac sound is of low intensity
- The pulmonary projection area is big
- The alveolar ralles is crackles
- The internal temperature is in physiological limits
The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Pathological aspects:
- The lungs is increase in volume and pale,
- Rounded edges with irregular surface
- Keeping the ribs fingerprints
- The cardiac hypertrophic/dilatation
The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Diagnosis
Clinical signs
- Differential:
- Acute pulmonary emphysema: the vesicular murmur is intensified
- Chronic pleural and pulmonary inflammation: periodic fever, cough
- Pneumothorax: sudden dyspnea
The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Treatment
Hygienic-dietary:
- The effort decreased
- The feed in small amount
Pharmaceutical treatment:
- Venesection
- Cardiotonics
- Proteins-vitamins
For fighting complications : antibiotics, expectorant and glucocorticoids drugs
Pulmonary atelectasis: Definition
The atelectasia is progresiv pulmonary collapse at the level that is localized posterior obturated area or secondary compression with the air that the result is resorption the alveolar air. Might be -localized /generalized
Pulmonary atelectasis: Etiology
- From obstruction of stenosis
- Compression
- Weight loss of the body (it results generalized hypotonia /decubitus recumbency prolonged)
Pulmonary atelectasis: Clinical signs
- Lack of fever
- Dispnea
- Cynopsis
- Tympanic sound
- Vesicular murmura .-is absent in the affected area
- Primary diseases symptoms
Pulmonary atelectasis: Pathological aspects
- Lack of elasticity , color . Violet reddish
- The lesion has and aspect like a cone and it appears : aspect of a spleen or pancreas (estetical and consistency )
Fibrinous pneumonia: DEFINITION
Inflammatory pneumopathy of fibrous type, with a cyclical evolution of 9-14 days and which affects large areas.
Specific of horse
Fibrinous pneumonia: Causes
Primary:
- Predisposing (young age/ olds animals, low organic resistance, food deficiencies)
- Occasional (cold, excess humidity, consumption of frozen food)
- Determinant (pathogenic germs, viruses, staphylococcus, streptococcus., mycoplasma)
- Secondary (in infectious diseases)
- Symptomatic:
- Influence of the horse
- Pasteurellosis
- Pleuropneumonia
Fibrinous pneumonia: Evolution
- F.de congestion (1-3 days)- vasodilatation, then the wet phase
appears - Red hepatisation phase: the bronchial- alveolar erythropoiesis appear pulmonary condensation
- Gray hepatisation phase: the number leukocytes is big
Hepatic red and gray phases evolution for 5-6 days - resolution phase : (3-5 days)- appear to return to normal structure.
Fibrinous pneumonia: Clinical signs
Debut phase
- Fever anorexia, adynamics
- Hyperhidrosis
- Cough
- Tachycardia
Phase of state
- The general condition worsens, continuous fever, congested / cyanosis, wet cough
- Bilateral nasal discharge yellow- red / wite
- Tubar breath and peripheral level the sound is intensified (vicariant emphysema)
decline phase :
- The general condition is improving
- Appear the appetit and the temperature return to normal value
- Cough wet
- Discharge
- The sound at lung level is submate
- Tubar sound - wet bronchial-alveolar rallies - vesicular murmurs
Fibrinous pneumonia: Anatomopathological
Phase .congestion :
- Black-colored flames
- Increased consistency
- For section
- Air and reddish liquid
Red hepatic phase:
- Brown hair, firm consistency, marbled appearance on the section
Gray hepatic phase :
- Gray
- Perifocal - alveolar pulmonary emphysema
Fibrinous pneumonia: Treatment
Higiene-dietary:
- Isolation and rest
- Control daily
- New cases
- Laxative feeds
Medicamentes:
- Anti Infectives: antibiotics, chiomioterapics, cephalosporins
- Fluidizing and expectorant: acetylcysteine, bromhexin
- Antitussive: codein
- The stimulation of general reactivity
- Liquids at your discretion
CATHARRAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
(LOBAR PNEUMONIA OR INSULAR PNEUMONIA): DEFINITION
It is the inflammatory pneumopathy of the bronchus and pulmonary parenchim. It is in all animal species but with
big frequency in young animals.
CATHARRAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
(LOBAR PNEUMONIA OR INSULAR PNEUMONIA): Ethiopatology
Predisposing: food deficiencies, young age, old age
Occasional: the cold, cold air currents, increased humidity, high temperature
Determinant: streptococcus, staphylococcus, corynebacterium, bordetella, viruses
Secondary: after inflammatory process with location at respiratory level, diseases in the liver, kidney, heart
Symptomatic:pasteurelosis, micoplasmosis,infectious rhinotracheitis, pig pestis, Carre, dictiocaulosis,
dirofilariosis, capilariosis at cat
CATHARRAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
(LOBAR PNEUMONIA OR INSULAR PNEUMONIA): Pathogenesis
- Low organic resistance
- Increased pathogenicity of germs
- Reduction of bronchial secretion
- Alveolar endothelial deposition
- Exudation and serous intraseptic infiltration
CATHARRAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
(LOBAR PNEUMONIA OR INSULAR PNEUMONIA): CLINICAL SIGNS
The general general condition it is modified
- Inapetence, anorexia
- The remitente fever (40 C)
- Taquipnea, tachycardia, taquisfigmia pulse + Accelerated respiration
- Mucous it is injected
- Pleurodine
- Dry cough then wet
- Nasal discharge: it is white at cattle, sheeps, goats and pig and it is gray-orange at birds
- The sound at percution it is mat and peripheral it is hypersonor (vicariant pulmonary emphysema)
- Auscultation: dry bronchial rallies and after wet, undefined breath and peripheral it is hardening
vezicular murmurs
CATHARRAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA
(LOBAR PNEUMONIA OR INSULAR PNEUMONIA): Treatment:
Higieno dietary
- Medical: -anti-infectious
- Combat the coughing (for dry)
- Expectorante
- The stimulation of general reactivity
Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): DEFINITION
It is the bronchial- alveolar pneumopathy of suppurativa type. It is with high frequence at youngs bovines, ovines, swines and it is possible to appear and at others animals
Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): Etiology
Lobar pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia.
Metastasis on the hematologic or lymphatic way with localization: abcess in different places
The aspiration with false way
Symptomatic: TB, actinobacillosis, pasteurelosis
Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): Clinical signs
- Fever,
- Abdominal discomfort and anorexia
- Tachycardia
- Pleurodynia (high sensitivity at the torax level)
- abundant purulent discharge
- Submit or mat sound at pulmonary auscultation
- It is to appear the cavernous / amphoric sound and perifocal the
vesicular murmurs it’s hardening - Hematologic: neutrophilic leukocytosis
Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): Anatopathological
- Single or multiple abscess
- Small disseminated abscesses
- Perifocal: congestion, atelectasis, emphysema, vicariant emphysema
Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): Prognostic
Grave
Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): TTO
Prognostic value + limited efficacy treatment
Hydrothorax: DEFINITION
Liquid accumulation (non inflammatory) at the level of the thorax cavity
Hydrothorax: CAUSES
Cardiac insufficiency (especially in congestive form )
Tumors (from compressions)
Mediastinal sklerosis (produced from the local hypertension)
Cirrhosis
Parasitic infestations
Vase compressions
Chronic anemia
Hydrothorax (CLINICAL SIGNS)
- Weak symptoms when there is little fluid
- At exertion there are signs of dyspnea, no cough, no increased sensitivity in the chest
- At the chest percussion the sound is matte
- Intensified vesicular murmur above the collection
- Reduction of heart sounds
- Transsudat- torachocentesis: obtain transudates
- Pathological anatomy: Presence in the pleural cavity of transudated
Hydrothorax: tto
- Internal derivation
- Cardiotonics
- Torachocentessi
- Stimulating general respiration
