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INTERNAL MEDICINE > BRONQUIOS PULMONES Y HIDROTORAX > Flashcards

BRONQUIOS PULMONES Y HIDROTORAX Flashcards

1
Q

Bronchitis: DEFINITION

A

Represents inflammation of the bronchial mucosa

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2
Q

Bronchitis: Etiology of primary bronchitis

A

Predisposing causes: young age, malnutrition, lack of physical effort, anemia, chronic renal, cardiac, hepatic organopathy, hypovitaminosis A, D, E.

Occasional causes: sudden changes in temperature, cold, cold rains, irritating gasses, dust, aspiration of vomiting, tiring transport

Determining causes: viruses, bacteria, parasites, fungi-etiology of secondary bronchitis:

Metastasis of inflammatory processes in the anterior respiratory tract, purulent foot infections, mammary gland, endometrium, umbilical cord.

Symptomatic bronchitis appears in the evolution of an infectious-contagious disease:

Parasitic diseases (pulmonary strongylidosis in calves, sheep, pigs) –aspergillosis

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3
Q

Bronchitis: Pathogenesis

A

Bronchitis occurs when, due to disturbances in the defense system, changes occur in the cylindrical, stratified and ciliated epithelium, local blood circulation and damage to the local glandular system.

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4
Q

Bronchitis: Clinical signs

A

Macrobronchitis:

  • General condition unchanged and sometimes can evolve with subfebrile.
  • Cough that starts in the morning, on exertion, when the temperature changes being dry, repeated, painful.
  • After about 3 days the cough becomes moist
  • When listening in congestive form, rumbling bronchial rales are perceived (snoring) and in exudative form the rales become wet.

Medium and microbronchitis:

  • Fever, anorexia, apathy, apparently congested mucous membranes.
  • Tachypnea, tachycardia, orthopnea with highlighting of the intercostal spaces during the respiratory act
  • Frequent, spontaneous, painful cough, with a feeling of suffocation that may become damp
  • Mucoid or mucopurulent discharge
  • Increased sensitivity to palpation of the chest
  • A listening is perceived: hardened vesicular murmur, wheezing bronchial rales (congestive form) and moist sucking, similar to fluid bubbling (exudative form)
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5
Q

Bronchitis: Treatment

A

Hygienic -dietetic:
Optimization of microclimate conditions, periodic disinfection, dust-free and mycotic-free food

Drug:

  • Antibiotics, sulfamides-expectorant: acetylcysteine, sodium benzoate: ACC, Pneumoguard, Bromhexin, sodium bicarbonate-20-5 g for horses, 20-100 g for cattle
  • In case of abundant secretions, Atropine can be administered
  • Calming the irritating cough: Codeine
  • Alkaline, spasmolytic, proteolytic substances (trypsin, alpha-chymotrypsin) are administered in pseudomembranous bronchitis.
  • Non-specific stimulation: serum / hemotherapy, iodine-based preparations, vitamins A, D, E, C
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6
Q

Stenosis and obstructions of the large bronchitis: DEFINITION

A

Represents the reduction or blockage of the bronchial lumen.

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7
Q

Stenosis and obstructions of the large bronchitis: Etiology

A

Foreign bodies aspirated in case of dysphagia

Tachyphagia, excessive bronchitis

Forced administration of oral drug solutions-parasitic infestations: dictyocaulus, strongili

Peribronchial, pulmonary compressions due to cysts, tumors, abscesses, mediastinal lymphadenopathy

Deglutition with a false route

Newborn: trough swallowing the amniotic fluid

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8
Q

Stenosis and obstructions of the large bronchitis: Symptoms

A

Variable intensity dyspnea-orthopnea

Asymmetric breathing with high amplitude at the level of the unaffected hemithorax

Progressive cough in stenosis and asphyxiation in obstruction

At the percussion of the thorax before the obstruction the sound is sonorous and the posterior is without sonority (clogged)

The vesicular murmur is hardened anteriorly and perifocally and after the obstruction it is abolished and the dry, wet rales are added

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9
Q

Stenosis and obstructions of the large bronchitis: Treatment

A

Cough calm: spasmolytics, expectorants

Provoking the sneezing reflex using vinegar ammonia solutions

In newborns, position yourself upside down and shake to remove amniotic fluid-surgery

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10
Q

Bronchial asthma: DEFINITION

A

Represents a paroxysmal manifestation characterized by bouts (episodes) of dyspnea, bronchospasm and bronchorrhea (Excessive secretion of mucous flow from the bronchi.).

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11
Q

Bronchial asthma: etiology

A

Essential asthma- alleging factors (food, drugs, insect bites, pollen, irritating gasses, hepato-renal failure)

Symptomatic or secondary bronchial asthma- chronic processes located in the respiratory system

Increased airway irritation due to beta-adrenergic blockade and vagotonia causes bronchospasm and bronchorrhea

Dyspnea

Bronchospasm

Brochure

7Symptomatic: chronic inflammatory disease

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12
Q

Bronchial asthma: Clinical table

A

Asmatiform crises,

Expiratory dyspnea

Anxious Facies

cyanosis

Nasal discharge , rich in eosinophils (allergies)

Secondary: Symptoms of primary illness

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13
Q

Bronchial asthma: Treatment:

A

Dietetic:

  • Spray the hay with saline solutions (herbivores)
  • Reduction or exclusion of the carnivorous diet (carnivores)

Medication:

  • During the crisis - hydrocortisone hemisuccinate, miofilin, atropine
  • Between seizures: - desensitization medication), synthetic antihistamines, supercortisol (3-5 days), Prednisolone.
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14
Q

Pulmonary congestion: Definition

A

Overloading pulmonary circulation

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15
Q

Pulmonary congestion: Causes

A

c. p. active:
- Cold, sudden changes in temperature, high physical effort, drifting over time, overcrowding
- Secondary: - ANTU intoxication
- Acute tympanic disease at cattle
- Fever

c. p. passive:
- Cardiac conditions
- Prolonged decubitus

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16
Q

Pulmonary congestion: Clinical table

A

c. p.a
- Anorexia, adynamics, asthenia
- Hyperhidrosis, mucosal congestion, tachycardia, tachypnea (normo / subfertility / febrile)
- Cough, serum mucosal discharge with blood , hypersound at the lung level , vesicular murmurs is intensified

c. p.p.
- Dyspnoea, cough wet, subdued sound in ventral side the lung, the wet rallies
- Symptoms of cardiomyopathy and blood stasis

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17
Q

Pulmonary congestion: TTO

A
  • Avoiding causes
  • Spray with cold water, dry friction
  • Venisesctie, internal derivatives
  • Cardiac tones, anti-infectives
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18
Q

Pulmonary edema: Definition

A

excess of liquid in the lungs

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19
Q

Pulmonary edema. Causes

A

c.p.a (pulmonary acute congestion) / IC (cardiac congestive insufficiency)

Intoxication, allergic pneumopathy

Adm. iodine

Alveolar-capillary membrane replacement

Bronchial-alveolar hypersecretion

Cardiogenic – haemodynamic complication

Mucosal congested with hypoxemic tinge

Bilateral discharge sparkling

Subdude sound

Bronchial-alveolar rales is wet

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20
Q

Pulmonary edema: pathology

A

Grown in volume

Section: sparkling, whitish liquid

Docimazia between two waters

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21
Q

Pulmonary edema: tto

A
  • Venesection
  • Cold aspersions, alcoholic fractions, diuretics, atropine
  • Cardiotropic medication
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22
Q

Pulmonary hemorrhage: Causes

A

Chest trauma, aneurysm, leez. necrosis, vascular rupture

Abscesses, neoplasms, parasitic cysts

Oxicumarin poisoning, septicemic states

Endo Intoxication (uremia)

Coughing in log access

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23
Q

Pulmonary hemorrhage: Clinical sings

A
  • Hemorrhages caused by trauma: - pleurodynia, superficial breathing
  • Asphyxiant in the access, hemoptysis
  • Mucosal anemia and pulse filiform
  • Wet bronchial-alveolar rallies-
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24
Q

Pulmonary hemorrhage: Tto

A

Restoration the volemia + antihemorrhagic

25
Q

Acute pleuritis: DEFINITION

A

Pleura is a membrane which is on the outside of the lung, it is composed from two membranes: visceral and parietal. Acute pleuritis is inflammation with localization at the pleura level. It can evolve in two forms: dry ( there is no liquid ) and wet.

Normally between the two pleural membranes is not cavity space but in inflammation appears a space, before it is congestion and after liquid.

26
Q

Acut pleuritis: Causes

A

Primary:

  • Predisposing (young age/ olds animals, low organic resistance, food deficiencies)
  • Occasional (cold, excess humidity, thoracic trauma)
  • Determinant (pathological germs, viruses, staphylococcus, streptococcus., micoplasma

Secondary (in infectious diseases) -> Symptomatic:

  • Bronchopneumonia
  • Pasteurellosis
  • Pleuropneumonia
27
Q

Acut pleuritis: Pathogenesis

A
  • The congestion phase : vasodilation with increased blood flow
  • The exudation phase: appear the leukodiapedesis and erytrodyapedesis
  • The organizational phase
28
Q

Acut pleuritis: Clinical Signs

A

The congestion phase (pleuritis)

  • Fever
  • Tachycardia
  • Tachypnea
  • Muscle tremors
  • Mucosal congestion
  • Hyperhidrosis
  • Oliguria
  • Pleurodinia
  • The cough it is dry and painful
  • The sound at auscultation it is pleural friction

The exudative phase

  • The fever decreases
  • The pleurodinia it is decreases
  • Dyspnea is accentuated
  • The sound at thorax level it is horizontal mati
  • The vesicular murmurs it is tightened (accentuated)
  • Pleuritic breath with liquid noise

By thoracocentesis: rc. Rivalta - negative

29
Q

The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Definicion

A

It is a dyspneic pneumopathy, without fever with chronic evolution. Occurs with an increased frequency in horses

30
Q

The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Causes

A

Primary: genetic predisposition

  • Intense efforts for long time
  • Stasis in small circulation

Secondary
- Chronic respiratory disease: laryngeal paralysis, obstructive respiratory disease, asthma, allergic pneumopathy

31
Q

The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Clinical signs

A
  • Expiratory dyspnea with ventral movement of the abdomen during breathing
  • Orthopnea,
  • The nostrils is in trumpet,
  • The basis of support is big, the legs is away from the body
  • Cyanosis, the intercostal spaces is very evident,
  • The coughing is spontaneous and hoarse
  • The thorax and abdomen is barrel form
  • The cardiac sound is of low intensity
  • The pulmonary projection area is big
  • The alveolar ralles is crackles
  • The internal temperature is in physiological limits
32
Q

The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Pathological aspects:

A
  • The lungs is increase in volume and pale,
  • Rounded edges with irregular surface
  • Keeping the ribs fingerprints
  • The cardiac hypertrophic/dilatation
33
Q

The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Diagnosis

A

Clinical signs

  • Differential:
  • Acute pulmonary emphysema: the vesicular murmur is intensified
  • Chronic pleural and pulmonary inflammation: periodic fever, cough
  • Pneumothorax: sudden dyspnea
34
Q

The chronic pulmonary emphysema: Treatment

A

Hygienic-dietary:

  • The effort decreased
  • The feed in small amount

Pharmaceutical treatment:

  • Venesection
  • Cardiotonics
  • Proteins-vitamins

For fighting complications : antibiotics, expectorant and glucocorticoids drugs

35
Q

Pulmonary atelectasis: Definition

A

The atelectasia is progresiv pulmonary collapse at the level that is localized posterior obturated area or secondary compression with the air that the result is resorption the alveolar air. Might be -localized /generalized

36
Q

Pulmonary atelectasis: Etiology

A
  • From obstruction of stenosis
  • Compression
  • Weight loss of the body (it results generalized hypotonia /decubitus recumbency prolonged)
37
Q

Pulmonary atelectasis: Clinical signs

A
  • Lack of fever
  • Dispnea
  • Cynopsis
  • Tympanic sound
  • Vesicular murmura .-is absent in the affected area
  • Primary diseases symptoms
38
Q

Pulmonary atelectasis: Pathological aspects

A
  • Lack of elasticity , color . Violet reddish

- The lesion has and aspect like a cone and it appears : aspect of a spleen or pancreas (estetical and consistency )

39
Q

Fibrinous pneumonia: DEFINITION

A

Inflammatory pneumopathy of fibrous type, with a cyclical evolution of 9-14 days and which affects large areas.

Specific of horse

40
Q

Fibrinous pneumonia: Causes

A

Primary:

  • Predisposing (young age/ olds animals, low organic resistance, food deficiencies)
  • Occasional (cold, excess humidity, consumption of frozen food)
  • Determinant (pathogenic germs, viruses, staphylococcus, streptococcus., mycoplasma)
  • Secondary (in infectious diseases)
  • Symptomatic:
    - Influence of the horse
    - Pasteurellosis
    - Pleuropneumonia
41
Q

Fibrinous pneumonia: Evolution

A
  • F.de congestion (1-3 days)- vasodilatation, then the wet phase
    appears
  • Red hepatisation phase: the bronchial- alveolar erythropoiesis appear pulmonary condensation
  • Gray hepatisation phase: the number leukocytes is big

Hepatic red and gray phases evolution for 5-6 days - resolution phase : (3-5 days)- appear to return to normal structure.

42
Q

Fibrinous pneumonia: Clinical signs

A

Debut phase

  • Fever anorexia, adynamics
  • Hyperhidrosis
  • Cough
  • Tachycardia

Phase of state

  • The general condition worsens, continuous fever, congested / cyanosis, wet cough
  • Bilateral nasal discharge yellow- red / wite
  • Tubar breath and peripheral level the sound is intensified (vicariant emphysema)

decline phase :

  • The general condition is improving
  • Appear the appetit and the temperature return to normal value
  • Cough wet
  • Discharge
  • The sound at lung level is submate
  • Tubar sound - wet bronchial-alveolar rallies - vesicular murmurs
43
Q

Fibrinous pneumonia: Anatomopathological

A

Phase .congestion :

  • Black-colored flames
  • Increased consistency
  • For section
  • Air and reddish liquid

Red hepatic phase:
- Brown hair, firm consistency, marbled appearance on the section

Gray hepatic phase :

  • Gray
  • Perifocal - alveolar pulmonary emphysema
44
Q

Fibrinous pneumonia: Treatment

A

Higiene-dietary:

  • Isolation and rest
  • Control daily
  • New cases
  • Laxative feeds

Medicamentes:

  • Anti Infectives: antibiotics, chiomioterapics, cephalosporins
  • Fluidizing and expectorant: acetylcysteine, bromhexin
  • Antitussive: codein
  • The stimulation of general reactivity
  • Liquids at your discretion
45
Q

CATHARRAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

(LOBAR PNEUMONIA OR INSULAR PNEUMONIA): DEFINITION

A

It is the inflammatory pneumopathy of the bronchus and pulmonary parenchim. It is in all animal species but with
big frequency in young animals.

46
Q

CATHARRAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

(LOBAR PNEUMONIA OR INSULAR PNEUMONIA): Ethiopatology

A

Predisposing: food deficiencies, young age, old age

Occasional: the cold, cold air currents, increased humidity, high temperature

Determinant: streptococcus, staphylococcus, corynebacterium, bordetella, viruses

Secondary: after inflammatory process with location at respiratory level, diseases in the liver, kidney, heart

Symptomatic:pasteurelosis, micoplasmosis,infectious rhinotracheitis, pig pestis, Carre, dictiocaulosis,
dirofilariosis, capilariosis at cat

47
Q

CATHARRAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

(LOBAR PNEUMONIA OR INSULAR PNEUMONIA): Pathogenesis

A
  • Low organic resistance
  • Increased pathogenicity of germs
  • Reduction of bronchial secretion
  • Alveolar endothelial deposition
  • Exudation and serous intraseptic infiltration
48
Q

CATHARRAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

(LOBAR PNEUMONIA OR INSULAR PNEUMONIA): CLINICAL SIGNS

A

The general general condition it is modified
- Inapetence, anorexia
- The remitente fever (40 C)
- Taquipnea, tachycardia, taquisfigmia pulse + Accelerated respiration
- Mucous it is injected
- Pleurodine
- Dry cough then wet
- Nasal discharge: it is white at cattle, sheeps, goats and pig and it is gray-orange at birds
- The sound at percution it is mat and peripheral it is hypersonor (vicariant pulmonary emphysema)
- Auscultation: dry bronchial rallies and after wet, undefined breath and peripheral it is hardening
vezicular murmurs

49
Q

CATHARRAL BRONCHOPNEUMONIA

(LOBAR PNEUMONIA OR INSULAR PNEUMONIA): Treatment:

A

Higieno dietary

  • Medical: -anti-infectious
  • Combat the coughing (for dry)
  • Expectorante
  • The stimulation of general reactivity
50
Q

Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): DEFINITION

A

It is the bronchial- alveolar pneumopathy of suppurativa type. It is with high frequence at youngs bovines, ovines, swines and it is possible to appear and at others animals

51
Q

Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): Etiology

A

Lobar pneumonia, bronchitis, bronchiectasis, bronchopneumonia, lobar pneumonia.

Metastasis on the hematologic or lymphatic way with localization: abcess in different places

The aspiration with false way

Symptomatic: TB, actinobacillosis, pasteurelosis

52
Q

Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): Clinical signs

A
  • Fever,
  • Abdominal discomfort and anorexia
  • Tachycardia
  • Pleurodynia (high sensitivity at the torax level)
  • abundant purulent discharge
  • Submit or mat sound at pulmonary auscultation
  • It is to appear the cavernous / amphoric sound and perifocal the
    vesicular murmurs it’s hardening
  • Hematologic: neutrophilic leukocytosis
53
Q

Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): Anatopathological

A
  • Single or multiple abscess
  • Small disseminated abscesses
  • Perifocal: congestion, atelectasis, emphysema, vicariant emphysema
54
Q

Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): Prognostic

A

Grave

55
Q

Bronchopneumonia purulent (pulmonary abscess): TTO

A

Prognostic value + limited efficacy treatment

56
Q

Hydrothorax: DEFINITION

A

Liquid accumulation (non inflammatory) at the level of the thorax cavity

57
Q

Hydrothorax: CAUSES

A

Cardiac insufficiency (especially in congestive form )

Tumors (from compressions)

Mediastinal sklerosis (produced from the local hypertension)

Cirrhosis

Parasitic infestations

Vase compressions

Chronic anemia

58
Q

Hydrothorax (CLINICAL SIGNS)

A
  • Weak symptoms when there is little fluid
  • At exertion there are signs of dyspnea, no cough, no increased sensitivity in the chest
  • At the chest percussion the sound is matte
  • Intensified vesicular murmur above the collection
  • Reduction of heart sounds
  • Transsudat- torachocentesis: obtain transudates
  • Pathological anatomy: Presence in the pleural cavity of transudated
59
Q

Hydrothorax: tto

A
  • Internal derivation
  • Cardiotonics
  • Torachocentessi
  • Stimulating general respiration

INTERNAL MEDICINE (4 decks)

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